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# pandas.Grouper

class `pandas.``Grouper`(key=None, level=None, freq=None, axis=None, sort=False)

  A Grouper allows the user to specify a groupby instruction for a target object

  This specification will select a column via the key parameter, or if the level and/or axis parameters are given, a level of the index of the target object.

  These are local specifications and will override ‘global’ settings, that is the parameters axis and level which are passed to the groupby itself.

  Parameters : | key : string, defaults to None groupby key, which selects the grouping column of the target level : name/number, defaults to None the level for the target index freq : string / freqency object, defaults to None This will groupby the specified frequency if the target selection (via key or level) is a datetime-like object axis : number/name of the axis, defaults to None sort : boolean, default to False whether to sort the resulting labels additional kwargs to control time-like groupers (when freq is passed) closed : closed end of interval; left or right label : interval boundary to use for labeling; left or right convention : {‘start’, ‘end’, ‘e’, ‘s’} If grouper is PeriodIndex
  Returns : | A specification for a groupby instruction

  Examples

      >>> df.groupby(Grouper(key='A')) : syntatic sugar for df.groupby('A')
      >>> df.groupby(Grouper(key='date',freq='60s')) : specify a resample on the column 'date'
      >>> df.groupby(Grouper(level='date',freq='60s',axis=1)) :
          specify a resample on the level 'date' on the columns axis with a frequency of 60s

  Attributes

  `ax` |
  `groups` |

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