Django自带的验证机制足以应对一般情况，但是你可能不满足于默认的可立即使用的配置。在你的项目中自定义验证机制，需要了解在已有验证系统中哪些地方是可以扩展的，哪些地方是可以代替的。这个文档提供了如何自定义验证系统的一些细节。
<authentication-backends>当用户模型中存储的用户名和密码需要不同于Django默认服务的验证时，提供了一个可扩展系统。
你可以给你的模型 定制权限 并且可以被Django的授权系统通过检查。
你可以 :ref:` 扩展 <extending-user> ` 默认的 User 模型，或者完全自定义一个模型进行 :ref:` 替换 <auth-custom-user>`
有时候你需要连接到其他认证源——一个包含用户名及密码的源或者认证方法。
例如，你的公司可能已经存在一套存储所有员工用户名及密码的 LDAP 配置。如果用户在LDAP和基于Django的应用程序中都有独立账号，那对用户自己或者网络管理员都会造成麻烦。
所以，为了处理这样的情况，Django认证系统可以让你插入其他认证源。您可以重写Django的默认基于数据库的方案，或者可以与其他系统一起使用默认系统。
请参阅<authentication-backends-reference>身份验证后端引用，有关Django中包含的身份验证后端的信息。
在幕后，Django维护一个“身份验证后端”列表，用于检查身份验证。当有人调用:func:django.contrib.auth.authenticate() - 如下所示:ref:如何在`用户登录<how-to-log-a-user-in> - Django尝试所有身份验证后端进行身份验证。如果第一个验证方法失败，Django会尝试第二个验证方法，依此类推，直到所有后端都被尝试。
在设置：`AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS`设置中指定要使用的身份验证后端列表。这应该是一个Python路径名列表，指向知道如何进行身份验证的Python类。这些类可以在你的Python路径上的任何地方。
默认， :setting:`AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS`设定为:
['django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend']
Django 的默认后台只检查其数据库和内置权限，并不提供任何登录限制机制来防止暴力登录攻击。如果需要抵制暴力登录攻击，需要自己在后台实现登录限制机制，或者使用 Web 服务器提供的保护机制。
:setting:`AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS`是有序的，如果相同的用户名和密码对于多个后端都是合法的，那么 Django 会优先使用其中的第一个后端，而不会再处理后面的后端。
如果一个后端抛出 PermissionDenied 异常，则验证流程立马终止，Django 不会继续检查其后的后端。
注解
一旦用户通过验证，Django 会将之前用于验证该用户的后端保存在用户的 session 中，以便在将来（session 有效期内）需要访问当前已验证的用户时可以重用该后端。这个优化意味着在 session 中缓存了验证后端的源代码，因此，如果你修改了 AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS 同时希望使用另外的方法重新验证用户，那么需要清除 session 数据。清除 session 数据的一个简单方法是执行 Session.objects.all().delete()。
一个验证后端其实就是一个 class，它实现了两个必要的方法：get_user(user_id) 和 authenticate(request, **credentials)，以及其它一系列可选的权限相关的方法:ref:`authorization methods<authorization_methods> `.
get_user 方法只接受一个参数``user_id``，user_id 有可能是 用户名、数据库 ID 或者其它任何值（该值必须是用户对象的主键），该方法返回一个用户对象。
authenticate``方法接受 ``request 参数和 credentials 关键字参数，大多数情况下，该方法类似于下面的代码:
class MyBackend:
def authenticate(self, request, username=None, password=None):
# Check the username/password and return a user.
...
但它也可能验证一个Token，就像这样:
class MyBackend:
def authenticate(self, request, token=None):
# Check the token and return a user.
...
无论是哪一种方式，authenticate()``都应该检查所获得的凭证，并当凭证有效时返回一个用户对象。当凭证无效时，应该返回``None。
request 是 HttpRequest ，默认为 None 如果没有被提供给 authenticate() (它把request传给后端).
Django admin 和 Django User object. 紧密结合。最好的处理方式是为你后端的每一个用户都创建一个 Django User 。(例如, 你的 LDAP 目录、你的外部 SQL 数据库等等。) 你能写一个脚本来提前做这件事情，或者让你的 authenticate 方法在一个用户第一次登录时做这件事。
下面是一段验证后端的示例代码，它通过在 ``settings.py``文件中定义的用户名和密码变量进行身份验证，并且当用户第一次验证时，创建一个Django的``User``对象。
from django.conf import settings
from django.contrib.auth.hashers import check_password
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
class SettingsBackend:
"""
Authenticate against the settings ADMIN_LOGIN and ADMIN_PASSWORD.
Use the login name and a hash of the password. For example:
ADMIN_LOGIN = 'admin'
ADMIN_PASSWORD = 'pbkdf2_sha256$30000$Vo0VlMnkR4Bk$qEvtdyZRWTcOsCnI/oQ7fVOu1XAURIZYoOZ3iq8Dr4M='
"""
def authenticate(self, request, username=None, password=None):
login_valid = (settings.ADMIN_LOGIN == username)
pwd_valid = check_password(password, settings.ADMIN_PASSWORD)
if login_valid and pwd_valid:
try:
user = User.objects.get(username=username)
except User.DoesNotExist:
# Create a new user. There's no need to set a password
# because only the password from settings.py is checked.
user = User(username=username)
user.is_staff = True
user.is_superuser = True
user.save()
return user
return None
def get_user(self, user_id):
try:
return User.objects.get(pk=user_id)
except User.DoesNotExist:
return None
自定义的认证后端可以提供他们自己的权限。
用户模型会把权限查找函数(get_group_permissions(), get_all_permissions(), has_perm(), and has_module_perms())委托给任何实现了这些函数的验证后端。
用户所拥有的权限将是所有验证后端返回的所有权限的一个超集。也就是说，如果任何后端之一将一个权限赋予了用户，那么Django最终也将该权限赋予这个用户。
如果一个后端在:meth:~django.contrib.auth.models.User.has_perm() 或 PermissionDenied() 异常，则鉴权过程将立刻失败退出，并且Django将不再检查随后的后端。
上面的简单后端可以相当容易的实现管理员权限:
class SettingsBackend:
...
def has_perm(self, user_obj, perm, obj=None):
return user_obj.username == settings.ADMIN_LOGIN
这将给予上例中被授权访问的用户以完全权限。注意，除了与对应的类 django.contrib.auth.models.User 函数相同的参数之外，后端的auth函数还接收user对象作为一个参数，这个user对象有可能是匿名user。
django/contrib/auth/backend.py 中的 ModelBackend 类给出了鉴权机制的全部实现，这个类是默认的后端并且在大多时候都需要 auth_permission 表。若需要对部分后端API的行为进行自定义，可以利用Python的继承，定义 ModelBackend 的子类，而不是在自定义后端中对所有API重新实现一遍。
匿名用户是指那些没有验证过的用户，也就是说，他们没有提供任何有效的验证信息。然而，这并不一定意味着他们就无权做任何事。在最基本的层面上，大多数站点允许匿名用户浏览大部分页面，而且很多站点也允许匿名评论。
Django的权限框架并没有存储匿名用户的权限。然而，传给验证后端的用户对象可能是一个:class:`django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser`对象，使得后端可以自定义对匿名用户的验证。这对于那些编写可复用应用的作者来讲格外有用，因为他们可以将验证完全委托给验证后端，而不是通过设置。比如，当控制匿名访问的时候。
非活跃用户就是:attr:~django.contrib.auth.models.User.is_active`字段设置为``False``的用户。:class:`~django.contrib.auth.backends.ModelBackend 和:class:`~django.contrib.auth.backends.RemoteUserBackend`验证后台禁止这些用户进行验证。如果用户有:attr:`~django.contrib.auth.models.CustomUser.is_active`字段，则所有的用户都允许进行验证。
如果你想用非活跃用户来验证，你可以使用：class: ~django.contrib.auth.backends.AllowAllUsersModelBackend 和：class: ~django.contrib.auth.backends.AllowAllUsersRemoteUserBackend
权限系统支持匿名用户有权执行某些操作，而经过已验证的不活动用户则不能这样做。
在你的后端permission方法中，不要忘记测试user的``is_active``属性。
Django的权限框架为对象权限提供了基础，尽管在内核中没有实现它。这意味着检查对象权限将始终返回``False``或空列表（取决于所执行的检查）。身份验证后端将为每个对象相关的授权方法接收关键字参数``obj``和``user_obj``，并可以适当地返回对象级权限。
为给定的模型对象创建自定权限，使用 permission ， 参考： model Meta attribute<meta-options>
这个示例中的 Task 模型创建了两个用户自定权限，即：用户能不能使用 Task 实例执行操作，这取决于你的应用要求。
class Task(models.Model):
...
class Meta:
permissions = (
("change_task_status", "Can change the status of tasks"),
("close_task", "Can remove a task by setting its status as closed"),
)
当你运行:djadmin:manage.py migrate <migrate> 时，它只创建那些额外的权限。（创建权限的函数连接到:data:~django.db.models.signals.post_migrate 信号）。 你的代码负责在用户试图访问由应用程序提供的功能（查看任务（task），改变任务状态，关闭任务）时检查这些权限的值。继续上面的例子， 下面的语句检查是否一个用户能查看任务:
user.has_perm('app.close_task')
User）模型¶There are two ways to extend the default
User model without substituting your own
model. If the changes you need are purely behavioral, and don't require any
change to what is stored in the database, you can create a proxy model based on User. This
allows for any of the features offered by proxy models including default
ordering, custom managers, or custom model methods.
If you wish to store information related to User, you can use a
OneToOneField to a model containing the fields for
additional information. This one-to-one model is often called a profile model,
as it might store non-auth related information about a site user. For example
you might create an Employee model:
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
class Employee(models.Model):
user = models.OneToOneField(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
department = models.CharField(max_length=100)
假设一个既有用户又有雇员模型的现有雇员Fred Smith，您可以使用Django的标准相关模型约定访问相关信息：
>>> u = User.objects.get(username='fsmith')
>>> freds_department = u.employee.department
To add a profile model's fields to the user page in the admin, define an
InlineModelAdmin (for this example, we'll use a
StackedInline) in your app's admin.py and
add it to a UserAdmin class which is registered with the
User class:
from django.contrib import admin
from django.contrib.auth.admin import UserAdmin as BaseUserAdmin
from django.contrib.auth.models import User
from my_user_profile_app.models import Employee
# Define an inline admin descriptor for Employee model
# which acts a bit like a singleton
class EmployeeInline(admin.StackedInline):
model = Employee
can_delete = False
verbose_name_plural = 'employee'
# Define a new User admin
class UserAdmin(BaseUserAdmin):
inlines = (EmployeeInline,)
# Re-register UserAdmin
admin.site.unregister(User)
admin.site.register(User, UserAdmin)
These profile models are not special in any way - they are just Django models
that happen to have a one-to-one link with a user model. As such, they aren't
auto created when a user is created, but
a django.db.models.signals.post_save could be used to create or update
related models as appropriate.
Using related models results in additional queries or joins to retrieve the related data. Depending on your needs, a custom user model that includes the related fields may be your better option, however, existing relations to the default user model within your project's apps may justify the extra database load.
User 模型。¶Some kinds of projects may have authentication requirements for which Django's
built-in User model is not always
appropriate. For instance, on some sites it makes more sense to use an email
address as your identification token instead of a username.
Django 允许你为引用了自定模型的：setting: AUTH_USER_MODEL 设置一个值来重写默认的用户表。
AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'myapp.MyUser'
This dotted pair describes the name of the Django app (which must be in your
INSTALLED_APPS), and the name of the Django model that you wish to
use as your user model.
If you're starting a new project, it's highly recommended to set up a custom
user model, even if the default User model
is sufficient for you. This model behaves identically to the default user
model, but you'll be able to customize it in the future if the need arises:
from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser
class User(AbstractUser):
pass
Don't forget to point AUTH_USER_MODEL to it. Do this before creating
any migrations or running manage.py migrate for the first time.
同样的，在 app 中的 admin.py 中注册模型。
from django.contrib import admin
from django.contrib.auth.admin import UserAdmin
from .models import User
admin.site.register(User, UserAdmin)
Changing AUTH_USER_MODEL after you've created database tables is
significantly more difficult since it affects foreign keys and many-to-many
relationships, for example.
This change can't be done automatically and requires manually fixing your schema, moving your data from the old user table, and possibly manually reapplying some migrations. See #25313 for an outline of the steps.
Due to limitations of Django's dynamic dependency feature for swappable
models, the model referenced by AUTH_USER_MODEL must be created in
the first migration of its app (usually called 0001_initial); otherwise,
you'll have dependency issues.
In addition, you may run into a CircularDependencyError when running your
migrations as Django won't be able to automatically break the dependency loop
due to the dynamic dependency. If you see this error, you should break the loop
by moving the models depended on by your user model into a second migration.
(You can try making two normal models that have a ForeignKey to each other
and seeing how makemigrations resolves that circular dependency if you want
to see how it's usually done.)
AUTH_USER_MODEL¶Reusable apps shouldn't implement a custom user model. A project may use many
apps, and two reusable apps that implemented a custom user model couldn't be
used together. If you need to store per user information in your app, use
a ForeignKey or
OneToOneField to settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL
as described below.
User 模型¶If you reference User directly (for
example, by referring to it in a foreign key), your code will not work in
projects where the AUTH_USER_MODEL setting has been changed to a
different user model.
get_user_model()[源代码]¶Instead of referring to User directly,
you should reference the user model using
django.contrib.auth.get_user_model(). This method will return the
currently active user model -- the custom user model if one is specified, or
User otherwise.
When you define a foreign key or many-to-many relations to the user model,
you should specify the custom model using the AUTH_USER_MODEL
setting. For example:
from django.conf import settings
from django.db import models
class Article(models.Model):
author = models.ForeignKey(
settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL,
on_delete=models.CASCADE,
)
When connecting to signals sent by the user model, you should specify
the custom model using the AUTH_USER_MODEL setting. For example:
from django.conf import settings
from django.db.models.signals import post_save
def post_save_receiver(sender, instance, created, **kwargs):
pass
post_save.connect(post_save_receiver, sender=settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)
Generally speaking, it's easiest to refer to the user model with the
AUTH_USER_MODEL setting in code that's executed at import time,
however, it's also possible to call get_user_model() while Django
is importing models, so you could use
models.ForeignKey(get_user_model(), ...).
If your app is tested with multiple user models, using
@override_settings(AUTH_USER_MODEL=...) for example, and you cache the
result of get_user_model() in a module-level variable, you may need to
listen to the setting_changed signal to clear
the cache. For example:
from django.apps import apps
from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model
from django.core.signals import setting_changed
from django.dispatch import receiver
@receiver(setting_changed)
def user_model_swapped(**kwargs):
if kwargs['setting'] == 'AUTH_USER_MODEL':
apps.clear_cache()
from myapp import some_module
some_module.UserModel = get_user_model()
Model 设计注意事项
在处理与您的自定义用户模型中不直接与身份验证相关的信息之前要仔细考虑。
在与用户模型有关系的模型中存储特定于应用程序的用户信息可能更好。这允许每个应用程序指定自己的用户数据需求，而不冒与其他应用程序发生冲突的风险。另一方面，检索此相关信息的查询将涉及数据库连接，这可能对性能产生影响。
Django 希望你自定义的用户模型能够满足一些最低需求。
如果使用默认身份验证后端，那么您的模型必须具有用于标识目的的唯一字段。这可以是用户名、电子邮件地址或任何其他唯一属性。如果使用可以支持它的自定义身份验证后端，则允许使用非唯一用户名字段。
构造一个兼容的自定义用户模型的最简单方法是继承:class:~django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractBaseUser。:class:`~django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractBaseUser`提供用户模型的核心实现，包括散列密码和标记化的密码重置。然后必须提供一些关键实现细节：
models.CustomUser¶USERNAME_FIELD¶作为唯一标识符的描述用户模型字段名的字符串，通常是一个用户名，但也可以是一个电子邮件地址，或任何其他唯一标识符。该字段*必须*是唯一的（即定义了 unique=True ），除非你使用自定义身份验证后端，可以支持非唯一的用户名。
接下来的样例中，identifier 字段将被用作识别字段。
class MyUser(AbstractBaseUser):
identifier = models.CharField(max_length=40, unique=True)
...
USERNAME_FIELD = 'identifier'
EMAIL_FIELD¶A string describing the name of the email field on the User model.
This value is returned by
get_email_field_name().
REQUIRED_FIELDS¶A list of the field names that will be prompted for when creating a
user via the createsuperuser management command. The user
will be prompted to supply a value for each of these fields. It must
include any field for which blank is
False or undefined and may include additional fields you want
prompted for when a user is created interactively.
REQUIRED_FIELDS has no effect in other parts of Django, like
creating a user in the admin.
比如说，这里是一个局部的用户模型，定义了两个必须的字段——生日和身高。
class MyUser(AbstractBaseUser):
...
date_of_birth = models.DateField()
height = models.FloatField()
...
REQUIRED_FIELDS = ['date_of_birth', 'height']
注解
REQUIRED_FIELDS must contain all required fields on your user
model, but should not contain the USERNAME_FIELD or
password as these fields will always be prompted for.
is_active¶A boolean attribute that indicates whether the user is considered
"active". This attribute is provided as an attribute on
AbstractBaseUser defaulting to True. How you choose to
implement it will depend on the details of your chosen auth backends.
See the documentation of the is_active attribute on the built-in
user model for details.
get_full_name()¶Optional. A longer formal identifier for the user such as their full
name. If implemented, this appears alongside the username in an
object's history in django.contrib.admin.
get_short_name()¶Optional. A short, informal identifier for the user such as their
first name. If implemented, this replaces the username in the greeting
to the user in the header of django.contrib.admin.
In older versions, subclasses are required to implement
get_short_name() and get_full_name() as AbstractBaseUser
has implementations that raise NotImplementedError.
引入 AbstractBaseUser
AbstractBaseUser and BaseUserManager are importable from
django.contrib.auth.base_user so that they can be imported without
including django.contrib.auth in INSTALLED_APPS.
The following attributes and methods are available on any subclass of
AbstractBaseUser:
models.AbstractBaseUser¶get_username()¶Returns the value of the field nominated by USERNAME_FIELD.
clean()¶Normalizes the username by calling normalize_username(). If you
override this method, be sure to call super() to retain the
normalization.
get_email_field_name()¶Returns the name of the email field specified by the
EMAIL_FIELD attribute. Defaults to
'email' if EMAIL_FIELD isn't specified.
normalize_username(username)¶Applies NFKC Unicode normalization to usernames so that visually identical characters with different Unicode code points are considered identical.
is_authenticated¶Read-only attribute which is always True (as opposed to
AnonymousUser.is_authenticated which is always False).
This is a way to tell if the user has been authenticated. This does not
imply any permissions and doesn't check if the user is active or has
a valid session. Even though normally you will check this attribute on
request.user to find out whether it has been populated by the
AuthenticationMiddleware
(representing the currently logged-in user), you should know this
attribute is True for any User instance.
is_anonymous¶Read-only attribute which is always False. This is a way of
differentiating User and AnonymousUser
objects. Generally, you should prefer using
is_authenticated to this attribute.
set_password(raw_password)¶Sets the user's password to the given raw string, taking care of the
password hashing. Doesn't save the
AbstractBaseUser object.
When the raw_password is None, the password will be set to an
unusable password, as if
set_unusable_password()
were used.
check_password(raw_password)¶Returns True if the given raw string is the correct password for
the user. (This takes care of the password hashing in making the
comparison.)
set_unusable_password()¶Marks the user as having no password set. This isn't the same as
having a blank string for a password.
check_password() for this user
will never return True. Doesn't save the
AbstractBaseUser object.
You may need this if authentication for your application takes place against an existing external source such as an LDAP directory.
has_usable_password()¶Returns False if
set_unusable_password() has
been called for this user.
get_session_auth_hash()¶Returns an HMAC of the password field. Used for Session invalidation on password change.
AbstractUser subclasses AbstractBaseUser:
models.AbstractUser¶clean()¶Normalizes the email by calling
BaseUserManager.normalize_email(). If you override this method,
be sure to call super() to retain the normalization.
You should also define a custom manager for your user model. If your user model
defines username, email, is_staff, is_active, is_superuser,
last_login, and date_joined fields the same as Django's default user,
you can just install Django's UserManager;
however, if your user model defines different fields, you'll need to define a
custom manager that extends BaseUserManager
providing two additional methods:
models.CustomUserManager¶create_user(*username_field*, password=None, **other_fields)¶The prototype of create_user() should accept the username field,
plus all required fields as arguments. For example, if your user model
uses email as the username field, and has date_of_birth as a
required field, then create_user should be defined as:
def create_user(self, email, date_of_birth, password=None):
# create user here
...
create_superuser(*username_field*, password, **other_fields)¶The prototype of create_superuser() should accept the username
field, plus all required fields as arguments. For example, if your user
model uses email as the username field, and has date_of_birth
as a required field, then create_superuser should be defined as:
def create_superuser(self, email, date_of_birth, password):
# create superuser here
...
和 create_user() 不同的是，create_superuser() 要求调用者 必须 提供一个密码。
For a ForeignKey in USERNAME_FIELD or
REQUIRED_FIELDS, these methods receive the value of the
to_field (the primary_key
by default) of an existing instance.
BaseUserManager provides the following
utility methods:
models.BaseUserManager¶normalize_email(email)¶通过降低电子邮件地址的域部分来规范化电子邮件地址。
get_by_natural_key(username)¶Retrieves a user instance using the contents of the field
nominated by USERNAME_FIELD.
make_random_password(length=10, allowed_chars='abcdefghjkmnpqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTUVWXYZ23456789')¶Returns a random password with the given length and given string of
allowed characters. Note that the default value of allowed_chars
doesn't contain letters that can cause user confusion, including:
i, l, I, and 1 (lowercase letter i, lowercase
letter L, uppercase letter i, and the number one)o, O, and 0 (lowercase letter o, uppercase letter o,
and zero)User¶If you're entirely happy with Django's User
model and you just want to add some additional profile information, you could
simply subclass django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractUser and add your
custom profile fields, although we'd recommend a separate model as described in
the "Model design considerations" note of 指定自定义用户模型.
AbstractUser provides the full implementation of the default
User as an abstract model.
Django's built-in forms and views make certain assumptions about the user model that they are working with.
The following forms are compatible with any subclass of
AbstractBaseUser:
AuthenticationForm: Uses the username
field specified by USERNAME_FIELD.SetPasswordFormPasswordChangeFormAdminPasswordChangeFormThe following forms make assumptions about the user model and can be used as-is if those assumptions are met:
PasswordResetForm: Assumes that the user
model has a field that stores the user's email address with the name returned
by get_email_field_name() (email by
default) that can be used to identify the user and a boolean field named
is_active to prevent password resets for inactive users.Finally, the following forms are tied to
User and need to be rewritten or extended
to work with a custom user model:
If your custom user model is a simple subclass of AbstractUser, then you
can extend these forms in this manner:
from django.contrib.auth.forms import UserCreationForm
from myapp.models import CustomUser
class CustomUserCreationForm(UserCreationForm):
class Meta(UserCreationForm.Meta):
model = CustomUser
fields = UserCreationForm.Meta.fields + ('custom_field',)
django.contrib.admin¶If you want your custom user model to also work with the admin, your user model must define some additional attributes and methods. These methods allow the admin to control access of the user to admin content:
models.CustomUseris_staff¶如果允许用户有访问 admin 页面就返回 True。
is_active¶返回``True``，如果该用户的账号当前是激活状态
has_perm(perm, obj=None):Returns True if the user has the named permission. If obj is
provided, the permission needs to be checked against a specific object
instance.
has_module_perms(app_label):Returns True if the user has permission to access models in
the given app.
You will also need to register your custom user model with the admin. If
your custom user model extends django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractUser,
you can use Django's existing django.contrib.auth.admin.UserAdmin
class. However, if your user model extends
AbstractBaseUser, you'll need to define
a custom ModelAdmin class. It may be possible to subclass the default
django.contrib.auth.admin.UserAdmin; however, you'll need to
override any of the definitions that refer to fields on
django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractUser that aren't on your
custom user class.
To make it easy to include Django's permission framework into your own user
class, Django provides PermissionsMixin.
This is an abstract model you can include in the class hierarchy for your user
model, giving you all the methods and database fields necessary to support
Django's permission model.
PermissionsMixin provides the following
methods and attributes:
models.PermissionsMixin¶is_superuser¶Boolean. Designates that this user has all permissions without explicitly assigning them.
get_group_permissions(obj=None)¶Returns a set of permission strings that the user has, through their groups.
If obj is passed in, only returns the group permissions for
this specific object.
get_all_permissions(obj=None)¶Returns a set of permission strings that the user has, both through group and user permissions.
If obj is passed in, only returns the permissions for this
specific object.
has_perm(perm, obj=None)¶Returns True if the user has the specified permission, where
perm is in the format "<app label>.<permission codename>" (see
permissions). If User.is_active
and is_superuser are both True, this method always
returns True.
If obj is passed in, this method won't check for a permission for
the model, but for this specific object.
has_perms(perm_list, obj=None)¶Returns True if the user has each of the specified permissions,
where each perm is in the format
"<app label>.<permission codename>". If User.is_active and
is_superuser are both True, this method always
returns True.
If obj is passed in, this method won't check for permissions for
the model, but for the specific object.
has_module_perms(package_name)¶Returns True if the user has any permissions in the given package
(the Django app label). If User.is_active and
is_superuser are both True, this method always
returns True.
One limitation of custom user models is that installing a custom user model
will break any proxy model extending User.
Proxy models must be based on a concrete base class; by defining a custom user
model, you remove the ability of Django to reliably identify the base class.
If your project uses proxy models, you must either modify the proxy to extend
the user model that's in use in your project, or merge your proxy's behavior
into your User subclass.
Here is an example of an admin-compliant custom user app. This user model uses
an email address as the username, and has a required date of birth; it
provides no permission checking, beyond a simple admin flag on the user
account. This model would be compatible with all the built-in auth forms and
views, except for the user creation forms. This example illustrates how most of
the components work together, but is not intended to be copied directly into
projects for production use.
这段代码将一直存在于 models.py 文件中，用于自定义身份验证 app:
from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import (
BaseUserManager, AbstractBaseUser
)
class MyUserManager(BaseUserManager):
def create_user(self, email, date_of_birth, password=None):
"""
Creates and saves a User with the given email, date of
birth and password.
"""
if not email:
raise ValueError('Users must have an email address')
user = self.model(
email=self.normalize_email(email),
date_of_birth=date_of_birth,
)
user.set_password(password)
user.save(using=self._db)
return user
def create_superuser(self, email, date_of_birth, password):
"""
Creates and saves a superuser with the given email, date of
birth and password.
"""
user = self.create_user(
email,
password=password,
date_of_birth=date_of_birth,
)
user.is_admin = True
user.save(using=self._db)
return user
class MyUser(AbstractBaseUser):
email = models.EmailField(
verbose_name='email address',
max_length=255,
unique=True,
)
date_of_birth = models.DateField()
is_active = models.BooleanField(default=True)
is_admin = models.BooleanField(default=False)
objects = MyUserManager()
USERNAME_FIELD = 'email'
REQUIRED_FIELDS = ['date_of_birth']
def __str__(self):
return self.email
def has_perm(self, perm, obj=None):
"Does the user have a specific permission?"
# Simplest possible answer: Yes, always
return True
def has_module_perms(self, app_label):
"Does the user have permissions to view the app `app_label`?"
# Simplest possible answer: Yes, always
return True
@property
def is_staff(self):
"Is the user a member of staff?"
# Simplest possible answer: All admins are staff
return self.is_admin
Then, to register this custom user model with Django's admin, the following
code would be required in the app's admin.py file:
from django import forms
from django.contrib import admin
from django.contrib.auth.models import Group
from django.contrib.auth.admin import UserAdmin as BaseUserAdmin
from django.contrib.auth.forms import ReadOnlyPasswordHashField
from customauth.models import MyUser
class UserCreationForm(forms.ModelForm):
"""A form for creating new users. Includes all the required
fields, plus a repeated password."""
password1 = forms.CharField(label='Password', widget=forms.PasswordInput)
password2 = forms.CharField(label='Password confirmation', widget=forms.PasswordInput)
class Meta:
model = MyUser
fields = ('email', 'date_of_birth')
def clean_password2(self):
# Check that the two password entries match
password1 = self.cleaned_data.get("password1")
password2 = self.cleaned_data.get("password2")
if password1 and password2 and password1 != password2:
raise forms.ValidationError("Passwords don't match")
return password2
def save(self, commit=True):
# Save the provided password in hashed format
user = super().save(commit=False)
user.set_password(self.cleaned_data["password1"])
if commit:
user.save()
return user
class UserChangeForm(forms.ModelForm):
"""A form for updating users. Includes all the fields on
the user, but replaces the password field with admin's
password hash display field.
"""
password = ReadOnlyPasswordHashField()
class Meta:
model = MyUser
fields = ('email', 'password', 'date_of_birth', 'is_active', 'is_admin')
def clean_password(self):
# Regardless of what the user provides, return the initial value.
# This is done here, rather than on the field, because the
# field does not have access to the initial value
return self.initial["password"]
class UserAdmin(BaseUserAdmin):
# The forms to add and change user instances
form = UserChangeForm
add_form = UserCreationForm
# The fields to be used in displaying the User model.
# These override the definitions on the base UserAdmin
# that reference specific fields on auth.User.
list_display = ('email', 'date_of_birth', 'is_admin')
list_filter = ('is_admin',)
fieldsets = (
(None, {'fields': ('email', 'password')}),
('Personal info', {'fields': ('date_of_birth',)}),
('Permissions', {'fields': ('is_admin',)}),
)
# add_fieldsets is not a standard ModelAdmin attribute. UserAdmin
# overrides get_fieldsets to use this attribute when creating a user.
add_fieldsets = (
(None, {
'classes': ('wide',),
'fields': ('email', 'date_of_birth', 'password1', 'password2')}
),
)
search_fields = ('email',)
ordering = ('email',)
filter_horizontal = ()
# Now register the new UserAdmin...
admin.site.register(MyUser, UserAdmin)
# ... and, since we're not using Django's built-in permissions,
# unregister the Group model from admin.
admin.site.unregister(Group)
Finally, specify the custom model as the default user model for your project
using the AUTH_USER_MODEL setting in your settings.py:
AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'customauth.MyUser'
1月 11, 2019