pg_dumpall.c

Go to the documentation of this file.

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * pg_dumpall.c
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2013, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 * pg_dumpall forces all pg_dump output to be text, since it also outputs
 * text into the same output stream.
 *
 * src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dumpall.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

#include "postgres_fe.h"

#include <time.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#ifdef ENABLE_NLS
#include <locale.h>
#endif

#include "getopt_long.h"

#include "dumputils.h"
#include "pg_backup.h"

/* version string we expect back from pg_dump */
#define PGDUMP_VERSIONSTR "pg_dump (PostgreSQL) " PG_VERSION "\n"


static void help(void);

static void dropRoles(PGconn *conn);
static void dumpRoles(PGconn *conn);
static void dumpRoleMembership(PGconn *conn);
static void dumpGroups(PGconn *conn);
static void dropTablespaces(PGconn *conn);
static void dumpTablespaces(PGconn *conn);
static void dropDBs(PGconn *conn);
static void dumpCreateDB(PGconn *conn);
static void dumpDatabaseConfig(PGconn *conn, const char *dbname);
static void dumpUserConfig(PGconn *conn, const char *username);
static void dumpDbRoleConfig(PGconn *conn);
static void makeAlterConfigCommand(PGconn *conn, const char *arrayitem,
                       const char *type, const char *name, const char *type2,
                       const char *name2);
static void dumpDatabases(PGconn *conn);
static void dumpTimestamp(char *msg);
static void doShellQuoting(PQExpBuffer buf, const char *str);
static void doConnStrQuoting(PQExpBuffer buf, const char *str);

static int  runPgDump(const char *dbname);
static void buildShSecLabels(PGconn *conn, const char *catalog_name,
                 uint32 objectId, PQExpBuffer buffer,
                 const char *target, const char *objname);
static PGconn *connectDatabase(const char *dbname, const char *connstr, const char *pghost, const char *pgport,
      const char *pguser, enum trivalue prompt_password, bool fail_on_error);
static char *constructConnStr(const char **keywords, const char **values);
static PGresult *executeQuery(PGconn *conn, const char *query);
static void executeCommand(PGconn *conn, const char *query);

static char pg_dump_bin[MAXPGPATH];
static const char *progname;
static PQExpBuffer pgdumpopts;
static char *connstr = "";
static bool skip_acls = false;
static bool verbose = false;

static int  binary_upgrade = 0;
static int  column_inserts = 0;
static int  disable_dollar_quoting = 0;
static int  disable_triggers = 0;
static int  inserts = 0;
static int  no_tablespaces = 0;
static int  use_setsessauth = 0;
static int  no_security_labels = 0;
static int  no_unlogged_table_data = 0;
static int  server_version;

static FILE *OPF;
static char *filename = NULL;

#define exit_nicely(code) exit(code)

int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    static struct option long_options[] = {
        {"data-only", no_argument, NULL, 'a'},
        {"clean", no_argument, NULL, 'c'},
        {"file", required_argument, NULL, 'f'},
        {"globals-only", no_argument, NULL, 'g'},
        {"host", required_argument, NULL, 'h'},
        {"ignore-version", no_argument, NULL, 'i'},
        {"dbname", required_argument, NULL, 'd'},
        {"database", required_argument, NULL, 'l'},
        {"oids", no_argument, NULL, 'o'},
        {"no-owner", no_argument, NULL, 'O'},
        {"port", required_argument, NULL, 'p'},
        {"roles-only", no_argument, NULL, 'r'},
        {"schema-only", no_argument, NULL, 's'},
        {"superuser", required_argument, NULL, 'S'},
        {"tablespaces-only", no_argument, NULL, 't'},
        {"username", required_argument, NULL, 'U'},
        {"verbose", no_argument, NULL, 'v'},
        {"no-password", no_argument, NULL, 'w'},
        {"password", no_argument, NULL, 'W'},
        {"no-privileges", no_argument, NULL, 'x'},
        {"no-acl", no_argument, NULL, 'x'},

        /*
         * the following options don't have an equivalent short option letter
         */
        {"attribute-inserts", no_argument, &column_inserts, 1},
        {"binary-upgrade", no_argument, &binary_upgrade, 1},
        {"column-inserts", no_argument, &column_inserts, 1},
        {"disable-dollar-quoting", no_argument, &disable_dollar_quoting, 1},
        {"disable-triggers", no_argument, &disable_triggers, 1},
        {"inserts", no_argument, &inserts, 1},
        {"lock-wait-timeout", required_argument, NULL, 2},
        {"no-tablespaces", no_argument, &no_tablespaces, 1},
        {"quote-all-identifiers", no_argument, &quote_all_identifiers, 1},
        {"role", required_argument, NULL, 3},
        {"use-set-session-authorization", no_argument, &use_setsessauth, 1},
        {"no-security-labels", no_argument, &no_security_labels, 1},
        {"no-unlogged-table-data", no_argument, &no_unlogged_table_data, 1},

        {NULL, 0, NULL, 0}
    };

    char       *pghost = NULL;
    char       *pgport = NULL;
    char       *pguser = NULL;
    char       *pgdb = NULL;
    char       *use_role = NULL;
    enum trivalue prompt_password = TRI_DEFAULT;
    bool        data_only = false;
    bool        globals_only = false;
    bool        output_clean = false;
    bool        roles_only = false;
    bool        tablespaces_only = false;
    PGconn     *conn;
    int         encoding;
    const char *std_strings;
    int         c,
                ret;
    int         optindex;

    set_pglocale_pgservice(argv[0], PG_TEXTDOMAIN("pg_dump"));

    progname = get_progname(argv[0]);

    if (argc > 1)
    {
        if (strcmp(argv[1], "--help") == 0 || strcmp(argv[1], "-?") == 0)
        {
            help();
            exit_nicely(0);
        }
        if (strcmp(argv[1], "--version") == 0 || strcmp(argv[1], "-V") == 0)
        {
            puts("pg_dumpall (PostgreSQL) " PG_VERSION);
            exit_nicely(0);
        }
    }

    if ((ret = find_other_exec(argv[0], "pg_dump", PGDUMP_VERSIONSTR,
                               pg_dump_bin)) < 0)
    {
        char        full_path[MAXPGPATH];

        if (find_my_exec(argv[0], full_path) < 0)
            strlcpy(full_path, progname, sizeof(full_path));

        if (ret == -1)
            fprintf(stderr,
                    _("The program \"pg_dump\" is needed by %s "
                      "but was not found in the\n"
                      "same directory as \"%s\".\n"
                      "Check your installation.\n"),
                    progname, full_path);
        else
            fprintf(stderr,
                    _("The program \"pg_dump\" was found by \"%s\"\n"
                      "but was not the same version as %s.\n"
                      "Check your installation.\n"),
                    full_path, progname);
        exit_nicely(1);
    }

    pgdumpopts = createPQExpBuffer();

    while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "acd:f:gh:i:l:oOp:rsS:tU:vwWx", long_options, &optindex)) != -1)
    {
        switch (c)
        {
            case 'a':
                data_only = true;
                appendPQExpBuffer(pgdumpopts, " -a");
                break;

            case 'c':
                output_clean = true;
                break;

            case 'd':
                connstr = pg_strdup(optarg);
                break;

            case 'f':
                filename = pg_strdup(optarg);
                appendPQExpBuffer(pgdumpopts, " -f ");
                doShellQuoting(pgdumpopts, filename);
                break;

            case 'g':
                globals_only = true;
                break;

            case 'h':
                pghost = pg_strdup(optarg);
                break;

            case 'i':
                /* ignored, deprecated option */
                break;

            case 'l':
                pgdb = pg_strdup(optarg);
                break;

            case 'o':
                appendPQExpBuffer(pgdumpopts, " -o");
                break;

            case 'O':
                appendPQExpBuffer(pgdumpopts, " -O");
                break;

            case 'p':
                pgport = pg_strdup(optarg);
                break;

            case 'r':
                roles_only = true;
                break;

            case 's':
                appendPQExpBuffer(pgdumpopts, " -s");
                break;

            case 'S':
                appendPQExpBuffer(pgdumpopts, " -S ");
                doShellQuoting(pgdumpopts, optarg);
                break;

            case 't':
                tablespaces_only = true;
                break;

            case 'U':
                pguser = pg_strdup(optarg);
                break;

            case 'v':
                verbose = true;
                appendPQExpBuffer(pgdumpopts, " -v");
                break;

            case 'w':
                prompt_password = TRI_NO;
                appendPQExpBuffer(pgdumpopts, " -w");
                break;

            case 'W':
                prompt_password = TRI_YES;
                appendPQExpBuffer(pgdumpopts, " -W");
                break;

            case 'x':
                skip_acls = true;
                appendPQExpBuffer(pgdumpopts, " -x");
                break;

            case 0:
                break;

            case 2:
                appendPQExpBuffer(pgdumpopts, " --lock-wait-timeout ");
                doShellQuoting(pgdumpopts, optarg);
                break;

            case 3:
                use_role = pg_strdup(optarg);
                appendPQExpBuffer(pgdumpopts, " --role ");
                doShellQuoting(pgdumpopts, use_role);
                break;

            default:
                fprintf(stderr, _("Try \"%s --help\" for more information.\n"), progname);
                exit_nicely(1);
        }
    }

    /* Complain if any arguments remain */
    if (optind < argc)
    {
        fprintf(stderr, _("%s: too many command-line arguments (first is \"%s\")\n"),
                progname, argv[optind]);
        fprintf(stderr, _("Try \"%s --help\" for more information.\n"),
                progname);
        exit_nicely(1);
    }

    /* Make sure the user hasn't specified a mix of globals-only options */
    if (globals_only && roles_only)
    {
        fprintf(stderr, _("%s: options -g/--globals-only and -r/--roles-only cannot be used together\n"),
                progname);
        fprintf(stderr, _("Try \"%s --help\" for more information.\n"),
                progname);
        exit_nicely(1);
    }

    if (globals_only && tablespaces_only)
    {
        fprintf(stderr, _("%s: options -g/--globals-only and -t/--tablespaces-only cannot be used together\n"),
                progname);
        fprintf(stderr, _("Try \"%s --help\" for more information.\n"),
                progname);
        exit_nicely(1);
    }

    if (roles_only && tablespaces_only)
    {
        fprintf(stderr, _("%s: options -r/--roles-only and -t/--tablespaces-only cannot be used together\n"),
                progname);
        fprintf(stderr, _("Try \"%s --help\" for more information.\n"),
                progname);
        exit_nicely(1);
    }

    /* Add long options to the pg_dump argument list */
    if (binary_upgrade)
        appendPQExpBuffer(pgdumpopts, " --binary-upgrade");
    if (column_inserts)
        appendPQExpBuffer(pgdumpopts, " --column-inserts");
    if (disable_dollar_quoting)
        appendPQExpBuffer(pgdumpopts, " --disable-dollar-quoting");
    if (disable_triggers)
        appendPQExpBuffer(pgdumpopts, " --disable-triggers");
    if (inserts)
        appendPQExpBuffer(pgdumpopts, " --inserts");
    if (no_tablespaces)
        appendPQExpBuffer(pgdumpopts, " --no-tablespaces");
    if (quote_all_identifiers)
        appendPQExpBuffer(pgdumpopts, " --quote-all-identifiers");
    if (use_setsessauth)
        appendPQExpBuffer(pgdumpopts, " --use-set-session-authorization");
    if (no_security_labels)
        appendPQExpBuffer(pgdumpopts, " --no-security-labels");
    if (no_unlogged_table_data)
        appendPQExpBuffer(pgdumpopts, " --no-unlogged-table-data");

    /*
     * If there was a database specified on the command line, use that,
     * otherwise try to connect to database "postgres", and failing that
     * "template1".  "postgres" is the preferred choice for 8.1 and later
     * servers, but it usually will not exist on older ones.
     */
    if (pgdb)
    {
        conn = connectDatabase(pgdb, connstr, pghost, pgport, pguser,
                               prompt_password, false);

        if (!conn)
        {
            fprintf(stderr, _("%s: could not connect to database \"%s\"\n"),
                    progname, pgdb);
            exit_nicely(1);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        conn = connectDatabase("postgres", connstr, pghost, pgport, pguser,
                               prompt_password, false);
        if (!conn)
            conn = connectDatabase("template1", connstr, pghost, pgport, pguser,
                                   prompt_password, true);

        if (!conn)
        {
            fprintf(stderr, _("%s: could not connect to databases \"postgres\" or \"template1\"\n"
                              "Please specify an alternative database.\n"),
                    progname);
            fprintf(stderr, _("Try \"%s --help\" for more information.\n"),
                    progname);
            exit_nicely(1);
        }
    }

    /*
     * Open the output file if required, otherwise use stdout
     */
    if (filename)
    {
        OPF = fopen(filename, PG_BINARY_W);
        if (!OPF)
        {
            fprintf(stderr, _("%s: could not open the output file \"%s\": %s\n"),
                    progname, filename, strerror(errno));
            exit_nicely(1);
        }
    }
    else
        OPF = stdout;

    /*
     * Get the active encoding and the standard_conforming_strings setting, so
     * we know how to escape strings.
     */
    encoding = PQclientEncoding(conn);
    std_strings = PQparameterStatus(conn, "standard_conforming_strings");
    if (!std_strings)
        std_strings = "off";

    /* Set the role if requested */
    if (use_role && server_version >= 80100)
    {
        PQExpBuffer query = createPQExpBuffer();

        appendPQExpBuffer(query, "SET ROLE %s", fmtId(use_role));
        executeCommand(conn, query->data);
        destroyPQExpBuffer(query);
    }

    /* Force quoting of all identifiers if requested. */
    if (quote_all_identifiers && server_version >= 90100)
        executeCommand(conn, "SET quote_all_identifiers = true");

    fprintf(OPF, "--\n-- PostgreSQL database cluster dump\n--\n\n");
    if (verbose)
        dumpTimestamp("Started on");

    /*
     * We used to emit \connect postgres here, but that served no purpose
     * other than to break things for installations without a postgres
     * database.  Everything we're restoring here is a global, so whichever
     * database we're connected to at the moment is fine.
     */

    /* Replicate encoding and std_strings in output */
    fprintf(OPF, "SET client_encoding = '%s';\n",
            pg_encoding_to_char(encoding));
    fprintf(OPF, "SET standard_conforming_strings = %s;\n", std_strings);
    if (strcmp(std_strings, "off") == 0)
        fprintf(OPF, "SET escape_string_warning = off;\n");
    fprintf(OPF, "\n");

    if (!data_only)
    {
        /*
         * If asked to --clean, do that first.  We can avoid detailed
         * dependency analysis because databases never depend on each other,
         * and tablespaces never depend on each other.  Roles could have
         * grants to each other, but DROP ROLE will clean those up silently.
         */
        if (output_clean)
        {
            if (!globals_only && !roles_only && !tablespaces_only)
                dropDBs(conn);

            if (!roles_only && !no_tablespaces)
            {
                if (server_version >= 80000)
                    dropTablespaces(conn);
            }

            if (!tablespaces_only)
                dropRoles(conn);
        }

        /*
         * Now create objects as requested.  Be careful that option logic here
         * is the same as for drops above.
         */
        if (!tablespaces_only)
        {
            /* Dump roles (users) */
            dumpRoles(conn);

            /* Dump role memberships --- need different method for pre-8.1 */
            if (server_version >= 80100)
                dumpRoleMembership(conn);
            else
                dumpGroups(conn);
        }

        if (!roles_only && !no_tablespaces)
        {
            /* Dump tablespaces */
            if (server_version >= 80000)
                dumpTablespaces(conn);
        }

        /* Dump CREATE DATABASE commands */
        if (binary_upgrade || (!globals_only && !roles_only && !tablespaces_only))
            dumpCreateDB(conn);

        /* Dump role/database settings */
        if (!tablespaces_only && !roles_only)
        {
            if (server_version >= 90000)
                dumpDbRoleConfig(conn);
        }
    }

    if (!globals_only && !roles_only && !tablespaces_only)
        dumpDatabases(conn);

    PQfinish(conn);

    if (verbose)
        dumpTimestamp("Completed on");
    fprintf(OPF, "--\n-- PostgreSQL database cluster dump complete\n--\n\n");

    if (filename)
        fclose(OPF);

    exit_nicely(0);
}


static void
help(void)
{
    printf(_("%s extracts a PostgreSQL database cluster into an SQL script file.\n\n"), progname);
    printf(_("Usage:\n"));
    printf(_("  %s [OPTION]...\n"), progname);

    printf(_("\nGeneral options:\n"));
    printf(_("  -f, --file=FILENAME          output file name\n"));
    printf(_("  -V, --version                output version information, then exit\n"));
    printf(_("  --lock-wait-timeout=TIMEOUT  fail after waiting TIMEOUT for a table lock\n"));
    printf(_("  -?, --help                   show this help, then exit\n"));
    printf(_("\nOptions controlling the output content:\n"));
    printf(_("  -a, --data-only              dump only the data, not the schema\n"));
    printf(_("  -c, --clean                  clean (drop) databases before recreating\n"));
    printf(_("  -g, --globals-only           dump only global objects, no databases\n"));
    printf(_("  -o, --oids                   include OIDs in dump\n"));
    printf(_("  -O, --no-owner               skip restoration of object ownership\n"));
    printf(_("  -r, --roles-only             dump only roles, no databases or tablespaces\n"));
    printf(_("  -s, --schema-only            dump only the schema, no data\n"));
    printf(_("  -S, --superuser=NAME         superuser user name to use in the dump\n"));
    printf(_("  -t, --tablespaces-only       dump only tablespaces, no databases or roles\n"));
    printf(_("  -x, --no-privileges          do not dump privileges (grant/revoke)\n"));
    printf(_("  --binary-upgrade             for use by upgrade utilities only\n"));
    printf(_("  --column-inserts             dump data as INSERT commands with column names\n"));
    printf(_("  --disable-dollar-quoting     disable dollar quoting, use SQL standard quoting\n"));
    printf(_("  --disable-triggers           disable triggers during data-only restore\n"));
    printf(_("  --inserts                    dump data as INSERT commands, rather than COPY\n"));
    printf(_("  --no-security-labels         do not dump security label assignments\n"));
    printf(_("  --no-tablespaces             do not dump tablespace assignments\n"));
    printf(_("  --no-unlogged-table-data     do not dump unlogged table data\n"));
    printf(_("  --quote-all-identifiers      quote all identifiers, even if not key words\n"));
    printf(_("  --use-set-session-authorization\n"
             "                               use SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION commands instead of\n"
             "                               ALTER OWNER commands to set ownership\n"));

    printf(_("\nConnection options:\n"));
    printf(_("  -d, --dbname=CONNSTR     connect using connection string\n"));
    printf(_("  -h, --host=HOSTNAME      database server host or socket directory\n"));
    printf(_("  -l, --database=DBNAME    alternative default database\n"));
    printf(_("  -p, --port=PORT          database server port number\n"));
    printf(_("  -U, --username=NAME      connect as specified database user\n"));
    printf(_("  -w, --no-password        never prompt for password\n"));
    printf(_("  -W, --password           force password prompt (should happen automatically)\n"));
    printf(_("  --role=ROLENAME          do SET ROLE before dump\n"));

    printf(_("\nIf -f/--file is not used, then the SQL script will be written to the standard\n"
             "output.\n\n"));
    printf(_("Report bugs to <[email protected]>.\n"));
}


/*
 * Drop roles
 */
static void
dropRoles(PGconn *conn)
{
    PGresult   *res;
    int         i_rolname;
    int         i;

    if (server_version >= 80100)
        res = executeQuery(conn,
                           "SELECT rolname "
                           "FROM pg_authid "
                           "ORDER BY 1");
    else
        res = executeQuery(conn,
                           "SELECT usename as rolname "
                           "FROM pg_shadow "
                           "UNION "
                           "SELECT groname as rolname "
                           "FROM pg_group "
                           "ORDER BY 1");

    i_rolname = PQfnumber(res, "rolname");

    if (PQntuples(res) > 0)
        fprintf(OPF, "--\n-- Drop roles\n--\n\n");

    for (i = 0; i < PQntuples(res); i++)
    {
        const char *rolename;

        rolename = PQgetvalue(res, i, i_rolname);

        fprintf(OPF, "DROP ROLE %s;\n", fmtId(rolename));
    }

    PQclear(res);

    fprintf(OPF, "\n\n");
}

/*
 * Dump roles
 */
static void
dumpRoles(PGconn *conn)
{
    PQExpBuffer buf = createPQExpBuffer();
    PGresult   *res;
    int         i_oid,
                i_rolname,
                i_rolsuper,
                i_rolinherit,
                i_rolcreaterole,
                i_rolcreatedb,
                i_rolcanlogin,
                i_rolconnlimit,
                i_rolpassword,
                i_rolvaliduntil,
                i_rolreplication,
                i_rolcomment,
                i_is_current_user;
    int         i;

    /* note: rolconfig is dumped later */
    if (server_version >= 90100)
        printfPQExpBuffer(buf,
                          "SELECT oid, rolname, rolsuper, rolinherit, "
                          "rolcreaterole, rolcreatedb, "
                          "rolcanlogin, rolconnlimit, rolpassword, "
                          "rolvaliduntil, rolreplication, "
             "pg_catalog.shobj_description(oid, 'pg_authid') as rolcomment, "
                          "rolname = current_user AS is_current_user "
                          "FROM pg_authid "
                          "ORDER BY 2");
    else if (server_version >= 80200)
        printfPQExpBuffer(buf,
                          "SELECT oid, rolname, rolsuper, rolinherit, "
                          "rolcreaterole, rolcreatedb, "
                          "rolcanlogin, rolconnlimit, rolpassword, "
                          "rolvaliduntil, false as rolreplication, "
             "pg_catalog.shobj_description(oid, 'pg_authid') as rolcomment, "
                          "rolname = current_user AS is_current_user "
                          "FROM pg_authid "
                          "ORDER BY 2");
    else if (server_version >= 80100)
        printfPQExpBuffer(buf,
                          "SELECT oid, rolname, rolsuper, rolinherit, "
                          "rolcreaterole, rolcreatedb, "
                          "rolcanlogin, rolconnlimit, rolpassword, "
                          "rolvaliduntil, false as rolreplication, "
                          "null as rolcomment, "
                          "rolname = current_user AS is_current_user "
                          "FROM pg_authid "
                          "ORDER BY 2");
    else
        printfPQExpBuffer(buf,
                          "SELECT 0, usename as rolname, "
                          "usesuper as rolsuper, "
                          "true as rolinherit, "
                          "usesuper as rolcreaterole, "
                          "usecreatedb as rolcreatedb, "
                          "true as rolcanlogin, "
                          "-1 as rolconnlimit, "
                          "passwd as rolpassword, "
                          "valuntil as rolvaliduntil, "
                          "false as rolreplication, "
                          "null as rolcomment, "
                          "rolname = current_user AS is_current_user "
                          "FROM pg_shadow "
                          "UNION ALL "
                          "SELECT 0, groname as rolname, "
                          "false as rolsuper, "
                          "true as rolinherit, "
                          "false as rolcreaterole, "
                          "false as rolcreatedb, "
                          "false as rolcanlogin, "
                          "-1 as rolconnlimit, "
                          "null::text as rolpassword, "
                          "null::abstime as rolvaliduntil, "
                          "false as rolreplication, "
                          "null as rolcomment, false "
                          "FROM pg_group "
                          "WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM pg_shadow "
                          " WHERE usename = groname) "
                          "ORDER BY 2");

    res = executeQuery(conn, buf->data);

    i_oid = PQfnumber(res, "oid");
    i_rolname = PQfnumber(res, "rolname");
    i_rolsuper = PQfnumber(res, "rolsuper");
    i_rolinherit = PQfnumber(res, "rolinherit");
    i_rolcreaterole = PQfnumber(res, "rolcreaterole");
    i_rolcreatedb = PQfnumber(res, "rolcreatedb");
    i_rolcanlogin = PQfnumber(res, "rolcanlogin");
    i_rolconnlimit = PQfnumber(res, "rolconnlimit");
    i_rolpassword = PQfnumber(res, "rolpassword");
    i_rolvaliduntil = PQfnumber(res, "rolvaliduntil");
    i_rolreplication = PQfnumber(res, "rolreplication");
    i_rolcomment = PQfnumber(res, "rolcomment");
    i_is_current_user = PQfnumber(res, "is_current_user");

    if (PQntuples(res) > 0)
        fprintf(OPF, "--\n-- Roles\n--\n\n");

    for (i = 0; i < PQntuples(res); i++)
    {
        const char *rolename;
        Oid         auth_oid;

        auth_oid = atooid(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_oid));
        rolename = PQgetvalue(res, i, i_rolname);

        resetPQExpBuffer(buf);

        if (binary_upgrade)
        {
            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, "\n-- For binary upgrade, must preserve pg_authid.oid\n");
            appendPQExpBuffer(buf,
                              "SELECT binary_upgrade.set_next_pg_authid_oid('%u'::pg_catalog.oid);\n\n",
                              auth_oid);
        }

        /*
         * We dump CREATE ROLE followed by ALTER ROLE to ensure that the role
         * will acquire the right properties even if it already exists (ie, it
         * won't hurt for the CREATE to fail).  This is particularly important
         * for the role we are connected as, since even with --clean we will
         * have failed to drop it.  binary_upgrade cannot generate any errors,
         * so we assume the current role is already created.
         */
        if (!binary_upgrade ||
            strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_is_current_user), "f") == 0)
            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, "CREATE ROLE %s;\n", fmtId(rolename));
        appendPQExpBuffer(buf, "ALTER ROLE %s WITH", fmtId(rolename));

        if (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_rolsuper), "t") == 0)
            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, " SUPERUSER");
        else
            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, " NOSUPERUSER");

        if (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_rolinherit), "t") == 0)
            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, " INHERIT");
        else
            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, " NOINHERIT");

        if (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_rolcreaterole), "t") == 0)
            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, " CREATEROLE");
        else
            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, " NOCREATEROLE");

        if (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_rolcreatedb), "t") == 0)
            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, " CREATEDB");
        else
            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, " NOCREATEDB");

        if (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_rolcanlogin), "t") == 0)
            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, " LOGIN");
        else
            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, " NOLOGIN");

        if (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_rolreplication), "t") == 0)
            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, " REPLICATION");
        else
            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, " NOREPLICATION");

        if (strcmp(PQgetvalue(res, i, i_rolconnlimit), "-1") != 0)
            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, " CONNECTION LIMIT %s",
                              PQgetvalue(res, i, i_rolconnlimit));

        if (!PQgetisnull(res, i, i_rolpassword))
        {
            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, " PASSWORD ");
            appendStringLiteralConn(buf, PQgetvalue(res, i, i_rolpassword), conn);
        }

        if (!PQgetisnull(res, i, i_rolvaliduntil))
            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, " VALID UNTIL '%s'",
                              PQgetvalue(res, i, i_rolvaliduntil));

        appendPQExpBuffer(buf, ";\n");

        if (!PQgetisnull(res, i, i_rolcomment))
        {
            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, "COMMENT ON ROLE %s IS ", fmtId(rolename));
            appendStringLiteralConn(buf, PQgetvalue(res, i, i_rolcomment), conn);
            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, ";\n");
        }

        if (!no_security_labels && server_version >= 90200)
            buildShSecLabels(conn, "pg_authid", auth_oid,
                             buf, "ROLE", rolename);

        fprintf(OPF, "%s", buf->data);
    }

    /*
     * Dump configuration settings for roles after all roles have been dumped.
     * We do it this way because config settings for roles could mention the
     * names of other roles.
     */
    if (server_version >= 70300)
        for (i = 0; i < PQntuples(res); i++)
            dumpUserConfig(conn, PQgetvalue(res, i, i_rolname));

    PQclear(res);

    fprintf(OPF, "\n\n");

    destroyPQExpBuffer(buf);
}


/*
 * Dump role memberships.  This code is used for 8.1 and later servers.
 *
 * Note: we expect dumpRoles already created all the roles, but there is
 * no membership yet.
 */
static void
dumpRoleMembership(PGconn *conn)
{
    PGresult   *res;
    int         i;

    res = executeQuery(conn, "SELECT ur.rolname AS roleid, "
                       "um.rolname AS member, "
                       "a.admin_option, "
                       "ug.rolname AS grantor "
                       "FROM pg_auth_members a "
                       "LEFT JOIN pg_authid ur on ur.oid = a.roleid "
                       "LEFT JOIN pg_authid um on um.oid = a.member "
                       "LEFT JOIN pg_authid ug on ug.oid = a.grantor "
                       "ORDER BY 1,2,3");

    if (PQntuples(res) > 0)
        fprintf(OPF, "--\n-- Role memberships\n--\n\n");

    for (i = 0; i < PQntuples(res); i++)
    {
        char       *roleid = PQgetvalue(res, i, 0);
        char       *member = PQgetvalue(res, i, 1);
        char       *option = PQgetvalue(res, i, 2);

        fprintf(OPF, "GRANT %s", fmtId(roleid));
        fprintf(OPF, " TO %s", fmtId(member));
        if (*option == 't')
            fprintf(OPF, " WITH ADMIN OPTION");

        /*
         * We don't track the grantor very carefully in the backend, so cope
         * with the possibility that it has been dropped.
         */
        if (!PQgetisnull(res, i, 3))
        {
            char       *grantor = PQgetvalue(res, i, 3);

            fprintf(OPF, " GRANTED BY %s", fmtId(grantor));
        }
        fprintf(OPF, ";\n");
    }

    PQclear(res);

    fprintf(OPF, "\n\n");
}

/*
 * Dump group memberships from a pre-8.1 server.  It's annoying that we
 * can't share any useful amount of code with the post-8.1 case, but
 * the catalog representations are too different.
 *
 * Note: we expect dumpRoles already created all the roles, but there is
 * no membership yet.
 */
static void
dumpGroups(PGconn *conn)
{
    PQExpBuffer buf = createPQExpBuffer();
    PGresult   *res;
    int         i;

    res = executeQuery(conn,
                       "SELECT groname, grolist FROM pg_group ORDER BY 1");

    if (PQntuples(res) > 0)
        fprintf(OPF, "--\n-- Role memberships\n--\n\n");

    for (i = 0; i < PQntuples(res); i++)
    {
        char       *groname = PQgetvalue(res, i, 0);
        char       *grolist = PQgetvalue(res, i, 1);
        PGresult   *res2;
        int         j;

        /*
         * Array representation is {1,2,3} ... convert to (1,2,3)
         */
        if (strlen(grolist) < 3)
            continue;

        grolist = pg_strdup(grolist);
        grolist[0] = '(';
        grolist[strlen(grolist) - 1] = ')';
        printfPQExpBuffer(buf,
                          "SELECT usename FROM pg_shadow "
                          "WHERE usesysid IN %s ORDER BY 1",
                          grolist);
        free(grolist);

        res2 = executeQuery(conn, buf->data);

        for (j = 0; j < PQntuples(res2); j++)
        {
            char       *usename = PQgetvalue(res2, j, 0);

            /*
             * Don't try to grant a role to itself; can happen if old
             * installation has identically named user and group.
             */
            if (strcmp(groname, usename) == 0)
                continue;

            fprintf(OPF, "GRANT %s", fmtId(groname));
            fprintf(OPF, " TO %s;\n", fmtId(usename));
        }

        PQclear(res2);
    }

    PQclear(res);
    destroyPQExpBuffer(buf);

    fprintf(OPF, "\n\n");
}


/*
 * Drop tablespaces.
 */
static void
dropTablespaces(PGconn *conn)
{
    PGresult   *res;
    int         i;

    /*
     * Get all tablespaces except built-in ones (which we assume are named
     * pg_xxx)
     */
    res = executeQuery(conn, "SELECT spcname "
                       "FROM pg_catalog.pg_tablespace "
                       "WHERE spcname !~ '^pg_' "
                       "ORDER BY 1");

    if (PQntuples(res) > 0)
        fprintf(OPF, "--\n-- Drop tablespaces\n--\n\n");

    for (i = 0; i < PQntuples(res); i++)
    {
        char       *spcname = PQgetvalue(res, i, 0);

        fprintf(OPF, "DROP TABLESPACE %s;\n", fmtId(spcname));
    }

    PQclear(res);

    fprintf(OPF, "\n\n");
}

/*
 * Dump tablespaces.
 */
static void
dumpTablespaces(PGconn *conn)
{
    PGresult   *res;
    int         i;

    /*
     * Get all tablespaces except built-in ones (which we assume are named
     * pg_xxx)
     */
    if (server_version >= 90200)
        res = executeQuery(conn, "SELECT oid, spcname, "
                         "pg_catalog.pg_get_userbyid(spcowner) AS spcowner, "
                           "pg_catalog.pg_tablespace_location(oid), spcacl, "
                           "array_to_string(spcoptions, ', '),"
                        "pg_catalog.shobj_description(oid, 'pg_tablespace') "
                           "FROM pg_catalog.pg_tablespace "
                           "WHERE spcname !~ '^pg_' "
                           "ORDER BY 1");
    else if (server_version >= 90000)
        res = executeQuery(conn, "SELECT oid, spcname, "
                         "pg_catalog.pg_get_userbyid(spcowner) AS spcowner, "
                           "spclocation, spcacl, "
                           "array_to_string(spcoptions, ', '),"
                        "pg_catalog.shobj_description(oid, 'pg_tablespace') "
                           "FROM pg_catalog.pg_tablespace "
                           "WHERE spcname !~ '^pg_' "
                           "ORDER BY 1");
    else if (server_version >= 80200)
        res = executeQuery(conn, "SELECT oid, spcname, "
                         "pg_catalog.pg_get_userbyid(spcowner) AS spcowner, "
                           "spclocation, spcacl, null, "
                        "pg_catalog.shobj_description(oid, 'pg_tablespace') "
                           "FROM pg_catalog.pg_tablespace "
                           "WHERE spcname !~ '^pg_' "
                           "ORDER BY 1");
    else
        res = executeQuery(conn, "SELECT oid, spcname, "
                         "pg_catalog.pg_get_userbyid(spcowner) AS spcowner, "
                           "spclocation, spcacl, "
                           "null, null "
                           "FROM pg_catalog.pg_tablespace "
                           "WHERE spcname !~ '^pg_' "
                           "ORDER BY 1");

    if (PQntuples(res) > 0)
        fprintf(OPF, "--\n-- Tablespaces\n--\n\n");

    for (i = 0; i < PQntuples(res); i++)
    {
        PQExpBuffer buf = createPQExpBuffer();
        uint32      spcoid = atooid(PQgetvalue(res, i, 0));
        char       *spcname = PQgetvalue(res, i, 1);
        char       *spcowner = PQgetvalue(res, i, 2);
        char       *spclocation = PQgetvalue(res, i, 3);
        char       *spcacl = PQgetvalue(res, i, 4);
        char       *spcoptions = PQgetvalue(res, i, 5);
        char       *spccomment = PQgetvalue(res, i, 6);
        char       *fspcname;

        /* needed for buildACLCommands() */
        fspcname = pg_strdup(fmtId(spcname));

        appendPQExpBuffer(buf, "CREATE TABLESPACE %s", fspcname);
        appendPQExpBuffer(buf, " OWNER %s", fmtId(spcowner));

        appendPQExpBuffer(buf, " LOCATION ");
        appendStringLiteralConn(buf, spclocation, conn);
        appendPQExpBuffer(buf, ";\n");

        if (spcoptions && spcoptions[0] != '\0')
            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, "ALTER TABLESPACE %s SET (%s);\n",
                              fspcname, spcoptions);

        if (!skip_acls &&
            !buildACLCommands(fspcname, NULL, "TABLESPACE", spcacl, spcowner,
                              "", server_version, buf))
        {
            fprintf(stderr, _("%s: could not parse ACL list (%s) for tablespace \"%s\"\n"),
                    progname, spcacl, fspcname);
            PQfinish(conn);
            exit_nicely(1);
        }

        if (spccomment && strlen(spccomment))
        {
            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, "COMMENT ON TABLESPACE %s IS ", fspcname);
            appendStringLiteralConn(buf, spccomment, conn);
            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, ";\n");
        }

        if (!no_security_labels && server_version >= 90200)
            buildShSecLabels(conn, "pg_tablespace", spcoid,
                             buf, "TABLESPACE", fspcname);

        fprintf(OPF, "%s", buf->data);

        free(fspcname);
        destroyPQExpBuffer(buf);
    }

    PQclear(res);
    fprintf(OPF, "\n\n");
}


/*
 * Dump commands to drop each database.
 *
 * This should match the set of databases targeted by dumpCreateDB().
 */
static void
dropDBs(PGconn *conn)
{
    PGresult   *res;
    int         i;

    if (server_version >= 70100)
        res = executeQuery(conn,
                           "SELECT datname "
                           "FROM pg_database d "
                           "WHERE datallowconn ORDER BY 1");
    else
        res = executeQuery(conn,
                           "SELECT datname "
                           "FROM pg_database d "
                           "ORDER BY 1");

    if (PQntuples(res) > 0)
        fprintf(OPF, "--\n-- Drop databases\n--\n\n");

    for (i = 0; i < PQntuples(res); i++)
    {
        char       *dbname = PQgetvalue(res, i, 0);

        /*
         * Skip "template1" and "postgres"; the restore script is almost
         * certainly going to be run in one or the other, and we don't know
         * which.  This must agree with dumpCreateDB's choices!
         */
        if (strcmp(dbname, "template1") != 0 &&
            strcmp(dbname, "postgres") != 0)
        {
            fprintf(OPF, "DROP DATABASE %s;\n", fmtId(dbname));
        }
    }

    PQclear(res);

    fprintf(OPF, "\n\n");
}

/*
 * Dump commands to create each database.
 *
 * To minimize the number of reconnections (and possibly ensuing
 * password prompts) required by the output script, we emit all CREATE
 * DATABASE commands during the initial phase of the script, and then
 * run pg_dump for each database to dump the contents of that
 * database.  We skip databases marked not datallowconn, since we'd be
 * unable to connect to them anyway (and besides, we don't want to
 * dump template0).
 */
static void
dumpCreateDB(PGconn *conn)
{
    PQExpBuffer buf = createPQExpBuffer();
    char       *default_encoding = NULL;
    char       *default_collate = NULL;
    char       *default_ctype = NULL;
    PGresult   *res;
    int         i;

    fprintf(OPF, "--\n-- Database creation\n--\n\n");

    /*
     * First, get the installation's default encoding and locale information.
     * We will dump encoding and locale specifications in the CREATE DATABASE
     * commands for just those databases with values different from defaults.
     *
     * We consider template0's encoding and locale (or, pre-7.1, template1's)
     * to define the installation default.  Pre-8.4 installations do not have
     * per-database locale settings; for them, every database must necessarily
     * be using the installation default, so there's no need to do anything
     * (which is good, since in very old versions there is no good way to find
     * out what the installation locale is anyway...)
     */
    if (server_version >= 80400)
        res = executeQuery(conn,
                           "SELECT pg_encoding_to_char(encoding), "
                           "datcollate, datctype "
                           "FROM pg_database "
                           "WHERE datname = 'template0'");
    else if (server_version >= 70100)
        res = executeQuery(conn,
                           "SELECT pg_encoding_to_char(encoding), "
                           "null::text AS datcollate, null::text AS datctype "
                           "FROM pg_database "
                           "WHERE datname = 'template0'");
    else
        res = executeQuery(conn,
                           "SELECT pg_encoding_to_char(encoding), "
                           "null::text AS datcollate, null::text AS datctype "
                           "FROM pg_database "
                           "WHERE datname = 'template1'");

    /* If for some reason the template DB isn't there, treat as unknown */
    if (PQntuples(res) > 0)
    {
        if (!PQgetisnull(res, 0, 0))
            default_encoding = pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 0));
        if (!PQgetisnull(res, 0, 1))
            default_collate = pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 1));
        if (!PQgetisnull(res, 0, 2))
            default_ctype = pg_strdup(PQgetvalue(res, 0, 2));
    }

    PQclear(res);

    /* Now collect all the information about databases to dump */
    if (server_version >= 80400)
        res = executeQuery(conn,
                           "SELECT datname, "
                           "coalesce(rolname, (select rolname from pg_authid where oid=(select datdba from pg_database where datname='template0'))), "
                           "pg_encoding_to_char(d.encoding), "
                           "datcollate, datctype, datfrozenxid, "
                           "datistemplate, datacl, datconnlimit, "
                           "(SELECT spcname FROM pg_tablespace t WHERE t.oid = d.dattablespace) AS dattablespace "
              "FROM pg_database d LEFT JOIN pg_authid u ON (datdba = u.oid) "
                           "WHERE datallowconn ORDER BY 1");
    else if (server_version >= 80100)
        res = executeQuery(conn,
                           "SELECT datname, "
                           "coalesce(rolname, (select rolname from pg_authid where oid=(select datdba from pg_database where datname='template0'))), "
                           "pg_encoding_to_char(d.encoding), "
           "null::text AS datcollate, null::text AS datctype, datfrozenxid, "
                           "datistemplate, datacl, datconnlimit, "
                           "(SELECT spcname FROM pg_tablespace t WHERE t.oid = d.dattablespace) AS dattablespace "
              "FROM pg_database d LEFT JOIN pg_authid u ON (datdba = u.oid) "
                           "WHERE datallowconn ORDER BY 1");
    else if (server_version >= 80000)
        res = executeQuery(conn,
                           "SELECT datname, "
                           "coalesce(usename, (select usename from pg_shadow where usesysid=(select datdba from pg_database where datname='template0'))), "
                           "pg_encoding_to_char(d.encoding), "
           "null::text AS datcollate, null::text AS datctype, datfrozenxid, "
                           "datistemplate, datacl, -1 as datconnlimit, "
                           "(SELECT spcname FROM pg_tablespace t WHERE t.oid = d.dattablespace) AS dattablespace "
           "FROM pg_database d LEFT JOIN pg_shadow u ON (datdba = usesysid) "
                           "WHERE datallowconn ORDER BY 1");
    else if (server_version >= 70300)
        res = executeQuery(conn,
                           "SELECT datname, "
                           "coalesce(usename, (select usename from pg_shadow where usesysid=(select datdba from pg_database where datname='template0'))), "
                           "pg_encoding_to_char(d.encoding), "
           "null::text AS datcollate, null::text AS datctype, datfrozenxid, "
                           "datistemplate, datacl, -1 as datconnlimit, "
                           "'pg_default' AS dattablespace "
           "FROM pg_database d LEFT JOIN pg_shadow u ON (datdba = usesysid) "
                           "WHERE datallowconn ORDER BY 1");
    else if (server_version >= 70100)
        res = executeQuery(conn,
                           "SELECT datname, "
                           "coalesce("
                    "(select usename from pg_shadow where usesysid=datdba), "
                           "(select usename from pg_shadow where usesysid=(select datdba from pg_database where datname='template0'))), "
                           "pg_encoding_to_char(d.encoding), "
                           "null::text AS datcollate, null::text AS datctype, 0 AS datfrozenxid, "
                           "datistemplate, '' as datacl, -1 as datconnlimit, "
                           "'pg_default' AS dattablespace "
                           "FROM pg_database d "
                           "WHERE datallowconn ORDER BY 1");
    else
    {
        /*
         * Note: 7.0 fails to cope with sub-select in COALESCE, so just deal
         * with getting a NULL by not printing any OWNER clause.
         */
        res = executeQuery(conn,
                           "SELECT datname, "
                    "(select usename from pg_shadow where usesysid=datdba), "
                           "pg_encoding_to_char(d.encoding), "
                           "null::text AS datcollate, null::text AS datctype, 0 AS datfrozenxid, "
                           "'f' as datistemplate, "
                           "'' as datacl, -1 as datconnlimit, "
                           "'pg_default' AS dattablespace "
                           "FROM pg_database d "
                           "ORDER BY 1");
    }

    for (i = 0; i < PQntuples(res); i++)
    {
        char       *dbname = PQgetvalue(res, i, 0);
        char       *dbowner = PQgetvalue(res, i, 1);
        char       *dbencoding = PQgetvalue(res, i, 2);
        char       *dbcollate = PQgetvalue(res, i, 3);
        char       *dbctype = PQgetvalue(res, i, 4);
        uint32      dbfrozenxid = atooid(PQgetvalue(res, i, 5));
        char       *dbistemplate = PQgetvalue(res, i, 6);
        char       *dbacl = PQgetvalue(res, i, 7);
        char       *dbconnlimit = PQgetvalue(res, i, 8);
        char       *dbtablespace = PQgetvalue(res, i, 9);
        char       *fdbname;

        fdbname = pg_strdup(fmtId(dbname));

        resetPQExpBuffer(buf);

        /*
         * Skip the CREATE DATABASE commands for "template1" and "postgres",
         * since they are presumably already there in the destination cluster.
         * We do want to emit their ACLs and config options if any, however.
         */
        if (strcmp(dbname, "template1") != 0 &&
            strcmp(dbname, "postgres") != 0)
        {
            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, "CREATE DATABASE %s", fdbname);

            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, " WITH TEMPLATE = template0");

            if (strlen(dbowner) != 0)
                appendPQExpBuffer(buf, " OWNER = %s", fmtId(dbowner));

            if (default_encoding && strcmp(dbencoding, default_encoding) != 0)
            {
                appendPQExpBuffer(buf, " ENCODING = ");
                appendStringLiteralConn(buf, dbencoding, conn);
            }

            if (default_collate && strcmp(dbcollate, default_collate) != 0)
            {
                appendPQExpBuffer(buf, " LC_COLLATE = ");
                appendStringLiteralConn(buf, dbcollate, conn);
            }

            if (default_ctype && strcmp(dbctype, default_ctype) != 0)
            {
                appendPQExpBuffer(buf, " LC_CTYPE = ");
                appendStringLiteralConn(buf, dbctype, conn);
            }

            /*
             * Output tablespace if it isn't the default.  For default, it
             * uses the default from the template database.  If tablespace is
             * specified and tablespace creation failed earlier, (e.g. no such
             * directory), the database creation will fail too.  One solution
             * would be to use 'SET default_tablespace' like we do in pg_dump
             * for setting non-default database locations.
             */
            if (strcmp(dbtablespace, "pg_default") != 0 && !no_tablespaces)
                appendPQExpBuffer(buf, " TABLESPACE = %s",
                                  fmtId(dbtablespace));

            if (strcmp(dbconnlimit, "-1") != 0)
                appendPQExpBuffer(buf, " CONNECTION LIMIT = %s",
                                  dbconnlimit);

            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, ";\n");

            if (strcmp(dbistemplate, "t") == 0)
            {
                appendPQExpBuffer(buf, "UPDATE pg_catalog.pg_database SET datistemplate = 't' WHERE datname = ");
                appendStringLiteralConn(buf, dbname, conn);
                appendPQExpBuffer(buf, ";\n");
            }

            if (binary_upgrade)
            {
                appendPQExpBuffer(buf, "-- For binary upgrade, set datfrozenxid.\n");
                appendPQExpBuffer(buf, "UPDATE pg_catalog.pg_database "
                                  "SET datfrozenxid = '%u' "
                                  "WHERE datname = ",
                                  dbfrozenxid);
                appendStringLiteralConn(buf, dbname, conn);
                appendPQExpBuffer(buf, ";\n");
            }
        }

        if (!skip_acls &&
            !buildACLCommands(fdbname, NULL, "DATABASE", dbacl, dbowner,
                              "", server_version, buf))
        {
            fprintf(stderr, _("%s: could not parse ACL list (%s) for database \"%s\"\n"),
                    progname, dbacl, fdbname);
            PQfinish(conn);
            exit_nicely(1);
        }

        fprintf(OPF, "%s", buf->data);

        if (server_version >= 70300)
            dumpDatabaseConfig(conn, dbname);

        free(fdbname);
    }

    PQclear(res);
    destroyPQExpBuffer(buf);

    fprintf(OPF, "\n\n");
}


/*
 * Dump database-specific configuration
 */
static void
dumpDatabaseConfig(PGconn *conn, const char *dbname)
{
    PQExpBuffer buf = createPQExpBuffer();
    int         count = 1;

    for (;;)
    {
        PGresult   *res;

        if (server_version >= 90000)
            printfPQExpBuffer(buf, "SELECT setconfig[%d] FROM pg_db_role_setting WHERE "
                              "setrole = 0 AND setdatabase = (SELECT oid FROM pg_database WHERE datname = ", count);
        else
            printfPQExpBuffer(buf, "SELECT datconfig[%d] FROM pg_database WHERE datname = ", count);
        appendStringLiteralConn(buf, dbname, conn);

        if (server_version >= 90000)
            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, ")");

        appendPQExpBuffer(buf, ";");

        res = executeQuery(conn, buf->data);
        if (PQntuples(res) == 1 &&
            !PQgetisnull(res, 0, 0))
        {
            makeAlterConfigCommand(conn, PQgetvalue(res, 0, 0),
                                   "DATABASE", dbname, NULL, NULL);
            PQclear(res);
            count++;
        }
        else
        {
            PQclear(res);
            break;
        }
    }

    destroyPQExpBuffer(buf);
}



/*
 * Dump user-specific configuration
 */
static void
dumpUserConfig(PGconn *conn, const char *username)
{
    PQExpBuffer buf = createPQExpBuffer();
    int         count = 1;

    for (;;)
    {
        PGresult   *res;

        if (server_version >= 90000)
            printfPQExpBuffer(buf, "SELECT setconfig[%d] FROM pg_db_role_setting WHERE "
                              "setdatabase = 0 AND setrole = "
                       "(SELECT oid FROM pg_authid WHERE rolname = ", count);
        else if (server_version >= 80100)
            printfPQExpBuffer(buf, "SELECT rolconfig[%d] FROM pg_authid WHERE rolname = ", count);
        else
            printfPQExpBuffer(buf, "SELECT useconfig[%d] FROM pg_shadow WHERE usename = ", count);
        appendStringLiteralConn(buf, username, conn);
        if (server_version >= 90000)
            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, ")");

        res = executeQuery(conn, buf->data);
        if (PQntuples(res) == 1 &&
            !PQgetisnull(res, 0, 0))
        {
            makeAlterConfigCommand(conn, PQgetvalue(res, 0, 0),
                                   "ROLE", username, NULL, NULL);
            PQclear(res);
            count++;
        }
        else
        {
            PQclear(res);
            break;
        }
    }

    destroyPQExpBuffer(buf);
}


/*
 * Dump user-and-database-specific configuration
 */
static void
dumpDbRoleConfig(PGconn *conn)
{
    PQExpBuffer buf = createPQExpBuffer();
    PGresult   *res;
    int         i;

    printfPQExpBuffer(buf, "SELECT rolname, datname, unnest(setconfig) "
                      "FROM pg_db_role_setting, pg_authid, pg_database "
          "WHERE setrole = pg_authid.oid AND setdatabase = pg_database.oid");
    res = executeQuery(conn, buf->data);

    if (PQntuples(res) > 0)
    {
        fprintf(OPF, "--\n-- Per-Database Role Settings \n--\n\n");

        for (i = 0; i < PQntuples(res); i++)
        {
            makeAlterConfigCommand(conn, PQgetvalue(res, i, 2),
                                   "ROLE", PQgetvalue(res, i, 0),
                                   "DATABASE", PQgetvalue(res, i, 1));
        }

        fprintf(OPF, "\n\n");
    }

    PQclear(res);
    destroyPQExpBuffer(buf);
}


/*
 * Helper function for dumpXXXConfig().
 */
static void
makeAlterConfigCommand(PGconn *conn, const char *arrayitem,
                       const char *type, const char *name,
                       const char *type2, const char *name2)
{
    char       *pos;
    char       *mine;
    PQExpBuffer buf;

    mine = pg_strdup(arrayitem);
    pos = strchr(mine, '=');
    if (pos == NULL)
    {
        free(mine);
        return;
    }

    buf = createPQExpBuffer();

    *pos = 0;
    appendPQExpBuffer(buf, "ALTER %s %s ", type, fmtId(name));
    if (type2 != NULL && name2 != NULL)
        appendPQExpBuffer(buf, "IN %s %s ", type2, fmtId(name2));
    appendPQExpBuffer(buf, "SET %s TO ", fmtId(mine));

    /*
     * Some GUC variable names are 'LIST' type and hence must not be quoted.
     */
    if (pg_strcasecmp(mine, "DateStyle") == 0
        || pg_strcasecmp(mine, "search_path") == 0)
        appendPQExpBuffer(buf, "%s", pos + 1);
    else
        appendStringLiteralConn(buf, pos + 1, conn);
    appendPQExpBuffer(buf, ";\n");

    fprintf(OPF, "%s", buf->data);
    destroyPQExpBuffer(buf);
    free(mine);
}



/*
 * Dump contents of databases.
 */
static void
dumpDatabases(PGconn *conn)
{
    PGresult   *res;
    int         i;

    if (server_version >= 70100)
        res = executeQuery(conn, "SELECT datname FROM pg_database WHERE datallowconn ORDER BY 1");
    else
        res = executeQuery(conn, "SELECT datname FROM pg_database ORDER BY 1");

    for (i = 0; i < PQntuples(res); i++)
    {
        int         ret;

        char       *dbname = PQgetvalue(res, i, 0);

        if (verbose)
            fprintf(stderr, _("%s: dumping database \"%s\"...\n"), progname, dbname);

        fprintf(OPF, "\\connect %s\n\n", fmtId(dbname));

        if (filename)
            fclose(OPF);

        ret = runPgDump(dbname);
        if (ret != 0)
        {
            fprintf(stderr, _("%s: pg_dump failed on database \"%s\", exiting\n"), progname, dbname);
            exit_nicely(1);
        }

        if (filename)
        {
            OPF = fopen(filename, PG_BINARY_A);
            if (!OPF)
            {
                fprintf(stderr, _("%s: could not re-open the output file \"%s\": %s\n"),
                        progname, filename, strerror(errno));
                exit_nicely(1);
            }
        }

    }

    PQclear(res);
}



/*
 * Run pg_dump on dbname.
 */
static int
runPgDump(const char *dbname)
{
    PQExpBuffer connstrbuf = createPQExpBuffer();
    PQExpBuffer cmd = createPQExpBuffer();
    int         ret;

    appendPQExpBuffer(cmd, SYSTEMQUOTE "\"%s\" %s", pg_dump_bin,
                      pgdumpopts->data);

    /*
     * If we have a filename, use the undocumented plain-append pg_dump
     * format.
     */
    if (filename)
        appendPQExpBuffer(cmd, " -Fa ");
    else
        appendPQExpBuffer(cmd, " -Fp ");

    /*
     * Append the database name to the already-constructed stem of connection
     * string.
     */
    appendPQExpBuffer(connstrbuf, "%s dbname=", connstr);
    doConnStrQuoting(connstrbuf, dbname);

    doShellQuoting(cmd, connstrbuf->data);

    appendPQExpBuffer(cmd, "%s", SYSTEMQUOTE);

    if (verbose)
        fprintf(stderr, _("%s: running \"%s\"\n"), progname, cmd->data);

    fflush(stdout);
    fflush(stderr);

    ret = system(cmd->data);

    destroyPQExpBuffer(cmd);
    destroyPQExpBuffer(connstrbuf);

    return ret;
}

/*
 * buildShSecLabels
 *
 * Build SECURITY LABEL command(s) for an shared object
 *
 * The caller has to provide object type and identifier to select security
 * labels from pg_seclabels system view.
 */
static void
buildShSecLabels(PGconn *conn, const char *catalog_name, uint32 objectId,
                 PQExpBuffer buffer, const char *target, const char *objname)
{
    PQExpBuffer sql = createPQExpBuffer();
    PGresult   *res;

    buildShSecLabelQuery(conn, catalog_name, objectId, sql);
    res = executeQuery(conn, sql->data);
    emitShSecLabels(conn, res, buffer, target, objname);

    PQclear(res);
    destroyPQExpBuffer(sql);
}

/*
 * Make a database connection with the given parameters.  An
 * interactive password prompt is automatically issued if required.
 *
 * If fail_on_error is false, we return NULL without printing any message
 * on failure, but preserve any prompted password for the next try.
 *
 * On success, the global variable 'connstr' is set to a connection string
 * containing the options used.
 */
static PGconn *
connectDatabase(const char *dbname, const char *connection_string,
                const char *pghost, const char *pgport, const char *pguser,
                enum trivalue prompt_password, bool fail_on_error)
{
    PGconn     *conn;
    bool        new_pass;
    const char *remoteversion_str;
    int         my_version;
    static char *password = NULL;
    const char **keywords = NULL;
    const char **values = NULL;
    PQconninfoOption *conn_opts = NULL;

    if (prompt_password == TRI_YES && !password)
        password = simple_prompt("Password: ", 100, false);

    /*
     * Start the connection.  Loop until we have a password if requested by
     * backend.
     */
    do
    {
        int         argcount = 6;
        PQconninfoOption *conn_opt;
        char       *err_msg = NULL;
        int         i = 0;

        if (keywords)
            free(keywords);
        if (values)
            free(values);
        if (conn_opts)
            PQconninfoFree(conn_opts);

        /*
         * Merge the connection info inputs given in form of connection string
         * and other options.
         */
        if (connection_string)
        {
            conn_opts = PQconninfoParse(connection_string, &err_msg);
            if (conn_opts == NULL)
            {
                fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", progname, err_msg);
                exit_nicely(1);
            }

            for (conn_opt = conn_opts; conn_opt->keyword != NULL; conn_opt++)
            {
                if (conn_opt->val != NULL && conn_opt->val[0] != '\0')
                    argcount++;
            }

            keywords = pg_malloc0((argcount + 1) * sizeof(*keywords));
            values = pg_malloc0((argcount + 1) * sizeof(*values));

            for (conn_opt = conn_opts; conn_opt->keyword != NULL; conn_opt++)
            {
                if (conn_opt->val != NULL && conn_opt->val[0] != '\0')
                {
                    keywords[i] = conn_opt->keyword;
                    values[i] = conn_opt->val;
                    i++;
                }
            }
        }
        else
        {
            keywords = pg_malloc0((argcount + 1) * sizeof(*keywords));
            values = pg_malloc0((argcount + 1) * sizeof(*values));
        }

        if (pghost)
        {
            keywords[i] = "host";
            values[i] = pghost;
            i++;
        }
        if (pgport)
        {
            keywords[i] = "port";
            values[i] = pgport;
            i++;
        }
        if (pguser)
        {
            keywords[i] = "user";
            values[i] = pguser;
            i++;
        }
        if (password)
        {
            keywords[i] = "password";
            values[i] = password;
            i++;
        }
        if (dbname)
        {
            keywords[i] = "dbname";
            values[i] = dbname;
            i++;
        }
        keywords[i] = "fallback_application_name";
        values[i] = progname;
        i++;

        new_pass = false;
        conn = PQconnectdbParams(keywords, values, true);

        if (!conn)
        {
            fprintf(stderr, _("%s: could not connect to database \"%s\"\n"),
                    progname, dbname);
            exit_nicely(1);
        }

        if (PQstatus(conn) == CONNECTION_BAD &&
            PQconnectionNeedsPassword(conn) &&
            password == NULL &&
            prompt_password != TRI_NO)
        {
            PQfinish(conn);
            password = simple_prompt("Password: ", 100, false);
            new_pass = true;
        }
    } while (new_pass);

    /* check to see that the backend connection was successfully made */
    if (PQstatus(conn) == CONNECTION_BAD)
    {
        if (fail_on_error)
        {
            fprintf(stderr,
                    _("%s: could not connect to database \"%s\": %s\n"),
                    progname, dbname, PQerrorMessage(conn));
            exit_nicely(1);
        }
        else
        {
            PQfinish(conn);

            free(keywords);
            free(values);
            PQconninfoFree(conn_opts);

            return NULL;
        }
    }

    /*
     * Ok, connected successfully. Remember the options used, in the form of a
     * connection string.
     */
    connstr = constructConnStr(keywords, values);

    free(keywords);
    free(values);
    PQconninfoFree(conn_opts);

    /* Check version */
    remoteversion_str = PQparameterStatus(conn, "server_version");
    if (!remoteversion_str)
    {
        fprintf(stderr, _("%s: could not get server version\n"), progname);
        exit_nicely(1);
    }
    server_version = PQserverVersion(conn);
    if (server_version == 0)
    {
        fprintf(stderr, _("%s: could not parse server version \"%s\"\n"),
                progname, remoteversion_str);
        exit_nicely(1);
    }

    my_version = PG_VERSION_NUM;

    /*
     * We allow the server to be back to 7.0, and up to any minor release of
     * our own major version.  (See also version check in pg_dump.c.)
     */
    if (my_version != server_version
        && (server_version < 70000 ||
            (server_version / 100) > (my_version / 100)))
    {
        fprintf(stderr, _("server version: %s; %s version: %s\n"),
                remoteversion_str, progname, PG_VERSION);
        fprintf(stderr, _("aborting because of server version mismatch\n"));
        exit_nicely(1);
    }

    /*
     * On 7.3 and later, make sure we are not fooled by non-system schemas in
     * the search path.
     */
    if (server_version >= 70300)
        executeCommand(conn, "SET search_path = pg_catalog");

    return conn;
}

/* ----------
 * Construct a connection string from the given keyword/value pairs. It is
 * used to pass the connection options to the pg_dump subprocess.
 *
 * The following parameters are excluded:
 *  dbname      - varies in each pg_dump invocation
 *  password    - it's not secure to pass a password on the command line
 *  fallback_application_name - we'll let pg_dump set it
 * ----------
 */
static char *
constructConnStr(const char **keywords, const char **values)
{
    PQExpBuffer buf = createPQExpBuffer();
    char       *connstr;
    int         i;
    bool        firstkeyword = true;

    /* Construct a new connection string in key='value' format. */
    for (i = 0; keywords[i] != NULL; i++)
    {
        if (strcmp(keywords[i], "dbname") == 0 ||
            strcmp(keywords[i], "password") == 0 ||
            strcmp(keywords[i], "fallback_application_name") == 0)
            continue;

        if (!firstkeyword)
            appendPQExpBufferChar(buf, ' ');
        firstkeyword = false;
        appendPQExpBuffer(buf, "%s=", keywords[i]);
        doConnStrQuoting(buf, values[i]);
    }

    connstr = pg_strdup(buf->data);
    destroyPQExpBuffer(buf);
    return connstr;
}

/*
 * Run a query, return the results, exit program on failure.
 */
static PGresult *
executeQuery(PGconn *conn, const char *query)
{
    PGresult   *res;

    if (verbose)
        fprintf(stderr, _("%s: executing %s\n"), progname, query);

    res = PQexec(conn, query);
    if (!res ||
        PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_TUPLES_OK)
    {
        fprintf(stderr, _("%s: query failed: %s"),
                progname, PQerrorMessage(conn));
        fprintf(stderr, _("%s: query was: %s\n"),
                progname, query);
        PQfinish(conn);
        exit_nicely(1);
    }

    return res;
}

/*
 * As above for a SQL command (which returns nothing).
 */
static void
executeCommand(PGconn *conn, const char *query)
{
    PGresult   *res;

    if (verbose)
        fprintf(stderr, _("%s: executing %s\n"), progname, query);

    res = PQexec(conn, query);
    if (!res ||
        PQresultStatus(res) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
    {
        fprintf(stderr, _("%s: query failed: %s"),
                progname, PQerrorMessage(conn));
        fprintf(stderr, _("%s: query was: %s\n"),
                progname, query);
        PQfinish(conn);
        exit_nicely(1);
    }

    PQclear(res);
}


/*
 * dumpTimestamp
 */
static void
dumpTimestamp(char *msg)
{
    char        buf[256];
    time_t      now = time(NULL);

    /*
     * We don't print the timezone on Win32, because the names are long and
     * localized, which means they may contain characters in various random
     * encodings; this has been seen to cause encoding errors when reading the
     * dump script.
     */
    if (strftime(buf, sizeof(buf),
#ifndef WIN32
                 "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %Z",
#else
                 "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
#endif
                 localtime(&now)) != 0)
        fprintf(OPF, "-- %s %s\n\n", msg, buf);
}


/*
 * Append the given string to the buffer, with suitable quoting for passing
 * the string as a value, in a keyword/pair value in a libpq connection
 * string
 */
static void
doConnStrQuoting(PQExpBuffer buf, const char *str)
{
    const char *s;
    bool        needquotes;

    /*
     * If the string consists entirely of plain ASCII characters, no need to
     * quote it. This is quite conservative, but better safe than sorry.
     */
    needquotes = false;
    for (s = str; *s; s++)
    {
        if (!((*s >= 'a' && *s <= 'z') || (*s >= 'A' && *s <= 'Z') ||
              (*s >= '0' && *s <= '9') || *s == '_' || *s == '.'))
        {
            needquotes = true;
            break;
        }
    }

    if (needquotes)
    {
        appendPQExpBufferChar(buf, '\'');
        while (*str)
        {
            /* ' and \ must be escaped by to \' and \\ */
            if (*str == '\'' || *str == '\\')
                appendPQExpBufferChar(buf, '\\');

            appendPQExpBufferChar(buf, *str);
            str++;
        }
        appendPQExpBufferChar(buf, '\'');
    }
    else
        appendPQExpBufferStr(buf, str);
}

/*
 * Append the given string to the shell command being built in the buffer,
 * with suitable shell-style quoting.
 */
static void
doShellQuoting(PQExpBuffer buf, const char *str)
{
    const char *p;

#ifndef WIN32
    appendPQExpBufferChar(buf, '\'');
    for (p = str; *p; p++)
    {
        if (*p == '\'')
            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, "'\"'\"'");
        else
            appendPQExpBufferChar(buf, *p);
    }
    appendPQExpBufferChar(buf, '\'');
#else                           /* WIN32 */

    appendPQExpBufferChar(buf, '"');
    for (p = str; *p; p++)
    {
        if (*p == '"')
            appendPQExpBuffer(buf, "\\\"");
        else
            appendPQExpBufferChar(buf, *p);
    }
    appendPQExpBufferChar(buf, '"');
#endif   /* WIN32 */
}