If a program wanted to execute a task at a given time, or periodically, it could do it in an inefficient way by sitting in a loop and checking the real-time clock to see if the proper amount of time has elapsed. But operating systems usually provide system calls which allow the program to be informed at the desired time.
eCos provides a rich timekeeping formalism, involving counters, clocks, alarms, and timers. The precise definition, relationship, and motivation of these features is beyond the scope of this tutorial, but these examples illustrate how to set up basic periodic tasks.
Alarms are events that happen at a given time, either once or periodically. A thread associates an alarm handling function with the alarm, so that the function will be invoked every time the alarm “goes off”.
simple-alarm.c (in the examples directory) is a short program that creates a thread that creates an alarm. The alarm is handled by the function test_alarm_func(), which sets a global variable. When the main thread of execution sees that the variable has changed, it prints a message.
Example 14-1. A sample program that creates an alarm
/* this is a very simple program meant to demonstrate
a basic use of time, alarms and alarm-handling functions in eCos */
#include <cyg/kernel/kapi.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#define NTHREADS 1
#define STACKSIZE 4096
static cyg_handle_t thread[NTHREADS];
static cyg_thread thread_obj[NTHREADS];
static char stack[NTHREADS][STACKSIZE];
static void alarm_prog( cyg_addrword_t data );
/* we install our own startup routine which sets up
threads and starts the scheduler */
void cyg_user_start(void)
{
cyg_thread_create(4, alarm_prog, (cyg_addrword_t) 0,
"alarm_thread", (void *) stack[0],
STACKSIZE, &thread[0], &thread_obj[0]);
cyg_thread_resume(thread[0]);
}
/* we need to declare the alarm handling function (which is
defined below), so that we can pass it to cyg_alarm_initialize() */
cyg_alarm_t test_alarm_func;
/* alarm_prog() is a thread which sets up an alarm which is then
handled by test_alarm_func() */
static void alarm_prog(cyg_addrword_t data)
{
cyg_handle_t test_counterH, system_clockH, test_alarmH;
cyg_tick_count_t ticks;
cyg_alarm test_alarm;
unsigned how_many_alarms = 0, prev_alarms = 0, tmp_how_many;
system_clockH = cyg_real_time_clock();
cyg_clock_to_counter(system_clockH, &test_counterH);
cyg_alarm_create(test_counterH, test_alarm_func,
(cyg_addrword_t) &how_many_alarms,
&test_alarmH, &test_alarm);
cyg_alarm_initialize(test_alarmH, cyg_current_time()+200, 200);
/* get in a loop in which we read the current time and
print it out, just to have something scrolling by */
for (;;) {
ticks = cyg_current_time();
printf("Time is %llu\n", ticks);
/* note that we must lock access to how_many_alarms, since the
alarm handler might change it. this involves using the
annoying temporary variable tmp_how_many so that I can keep the
critical region short */
cyg_scheduler_lock();
tmp_how_many = how_many_alarms;
cyg_scheduler_unlock();
if (prev_alarms != tmp_how_many) {
printf(" --- alarm calls so far: %u\n", tmp_how_many);
prev_alarms = tmp_how_many;
}
cyg_thread_delay(30);
}
}
/* test_alarm_func() is invoked as an alarm handler, so
it should be quick and simple. in this case it increments
the data that is passed to it. */
void test_alarm_func(cyg_handle_t alarmH, cyg_addrword_t data)
{
++*((unsigned *) data);
} |
When you run this program (by typing continue at the (gdb) prompt) the output should look like this:
Starting program: BASE_DIR/examples/simple-alarm.exe Time is 0 Time is 30 Time is 60 Time is 90 Time is 120 Time is 150 Time is 180 Time is 210 --- alarm calls so far: 1 Time is 240 Time is 270 Time is 300 Time is 330 Time is 360 Time is 390 Time is 420 --- alarm calls so far: 2 Time is 450 Time is 480 |
Note: When running in a simulator the delays might be quite long. On a hardware board (where the clock speed is 100 ticks/second) the delays should average to about 0.3 seconds (and 2 seconds between alarms). In simulation, the delay will depend on the speed of the host processor and will almost always be much slower than the actual board. You might want to reduce the delay parameter when running in simulation.
Here are a few things you might notice about this program:
It used the cyg_real_time_clock() function; this always returns a handle to the default system real-time clock.
Clocks are based on counters, so the function cyg_alarm_create() uses a counter handle. The program used the function cyg_clock_to_counter() to strip the clock handle to the underlying counter handle.
Once the alarm is created it is initialized with cyg_alarm_initialize(), which sets the time at which the alarm should go off, as well as the period for repeating alarms. It is set to go off at the current time and then to repeat every 200 ticks.
The alarm handler function test_alarm_func() conforms to the guidelines for writing alarm handlers and other delayed service routines: it does not invoke any functions which might lock the scheduler. This is discussed in detail in the eCos Reference Manual, in the chapter The eCos Kernel.
There is a critical region in this program: the variable how_many_alarms is accessed in the main thread of control and is also modified in the alarm handler. To prevent a possible (though unlikely) race condition on this variable, access to how_many_alarms in the principal thread is protected by calls to cyg_scheduler_lock() and cyg_scheduler_unlock(). When the scheduler is locked, the alarm handler will not be invoked, so the problem is averted.