Among the many different file systems that FreeBSD supports is the Network File System, also known as NFS. NFS allows a system to share directories and files with others over a network. By using NFS, users and programs can access files on remote systems almost as if they were local files.
Some of the most notable benefits that NFS can provide are:
Local workstations use less disk space because commonly used data can be stored on a single machine and still remain accessible to others over the network.
There is no need for users to have separate home directories on every network machine. Home directories could be set up on the NFS server and made available throughout the network.
Storage devices such as floppy disks, CDROM drives, and Zip® drives can be used by other machines on the network. This may reduce the number of removable media drives throughout the network.
NFS consists of at least two main parts: a server and one or more clients. The client remotely accesses the data that is stored on the server machine. In order for this to function properly a few processes have to be configured and running.
The server has to be running the following daemons:
| Daemon | Description |
|---|---|
| nfsd | The NFS daemon which services requests from the NFS clients. |
| mountd | The NFS mount daemon which carries out the requests that nfsd(8) passes on to it. |
| rpcbind | This daemon allows NFS clients to discover which port the NFS server is using. |
The client can also run a daemon, known as nfsiod. The nfsiod daemon services the requests from the NFS server. This is optional, and improves performance, but is not required for normal and correct operation. See the nfsiod(8) manual page for more information.
NFS configuration is a relatively straightforward process. The processes that need to be running can all start at boot time with a few modifications to your /etc/rc.conf file.
On the NFS server, make sure that the following options are configured in the /etc/rc.conf file:
rpcbind_enable="YES" nfs_server_enable="YES" mountd_flags="-r"
mountd runs automatically whenever the NFS server is enabled.
On the client, make sure this option is present in /etc/rc.conf:
nfs_client_enable="YES"
The /etc/exports file specifies which file systems NFS should export (sometimes referred to as “share”). Each line in /etc/exports specifies a file system to be exported and which machines have access to that file system. Along with what machines have access to that file system, access options may also be specified. There are many such options that can be used in this file but only a few will be mentioned here. You can easily discover other options by reading over the exports(5) manual page.
Here are a few example /etc/exports entries:
The following examples give an idea of how to export file systems, although the
settings may be different depending on your environment and network configuration. For
instance, to export the /cdrom directory to three example
machines that have the same domain name as the server (hence the lack of a domain name
for each) or have entries in your /etc/hosts file. The -ro flag makes the exported file system read-only. With this flag,
the remote system will not be able to write any changes to the exported file system.
/cdrom -ro host1 host2 host3
The following line exports /home to three hosts by IP
address. This is a useful setup if you have a private network without a DNS server configured. Optionally the /etc/hosts file could be configured for internal hostnames; please
review hosts(5) for more
information. The -alldirs flag allows the subdirectories to
be mount points. In other words, it will not mount the subdirectories but permit the
client to mount only the directories that are required or needed.
/home -alldirs 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.3 10.0.0.4
The following line exports /a so that two clients from
different domains may access the file system. The -maproot=root flag allows the root user
on the remote system to write data on the exported file system as root. If the -maproot=root flag is not
specified, then even if a user has root access on the remote
system, he will not be able to modify files on the exported file system.
/a -maproot=root host.example.com box.example.org
In order for a client to access an exported file system, the client must have permission to do so. Make sure the client is listed in your /etc/exports file.
In /etc/exports, each line represents the export information for one file system to one host. A remote host can only be specified once per file system, and may only have one default entry. For example, assume that /usr is a single file system. The following /etc/exports would be invalid:
# Invalid when /usr is one file system /usr/src client /usr/ports client
One file system, /usr, has two lines specifying exports to the same host, client. The correct format for this situation is:
/usr/src /usr/ports client
The properties of one file system exported to a given host must all occur on one line. Lines without a client specified are treated as a single host. This limits how you can export file systems, but for most people this is not an issue.
The following is an example of a valid export list, where /usr and /exports are local file systems:
# Export src and ports to client01 and client02, but only # client01 has root privileges on it /usr/src /usr/ports -maproot=root client01 /usr/src /usr/ports client02 # The client machines have root and can mount anywhere # on /exports. Anyone in the world can mount /exports/obj read-only /exports -alldirs -maproot=root client01 client02 /exports/obj -ro
The mountd daemon must be forced to recheck the /etc/exports file whenever it has been modified, so the changes can take effect. This can be accomplished either by sending a HUP signal to the running daemon:
# kill -HUP `cat /var/run/mountd.pid`
or by invoking the mountd rc(8) script with the appropriate parameter:
# /etc/rc.d/mountd onereload
Please refer to Section 11.7 for more information about using rc scripts.
Alternatively, a reboot will make FreeBSD set everything up properly. A reboot is not necessary though. Executing the following commands as root should start everything up.
On the NFS server:
# rpcbind # nfsd -u -t -n 4 # mountd -r
On the NFS client:
# nfsiod -n 4
Now everything should be ready to actually mount a remote file system. In these examples the server's name will be server and the client's name will be client. If you only want to temporarily mount a remote file system or would rather test the configuration, just execute a command like this as root on the client:
# mount server:/home /mnt
This will mount the /home directory on the server at /mnt on the client. If everything is set up correctly you should be able to enter /mnt on the client and see all the files that are on the server.
If you want to automatically mount a remote file system each time the computer boots, add the file system to the /etc/fstab file. Here is an example:
server:/home /mnt nfs rw 0 0
The fstab(5) manual page lists all the available options.
Some applications (e.g. mutt) require file locking to operate correctly. In the case of NFS, rpc.lockd can be used for file locking. To enable it, add the following to the /etc/rc.conf file on both client and server (it is assumed that the NFS client and server are configured already):
rpc_lockd_enable="YES" rpc_statd_enable="YES"
Start the application by using:
# /etc/rc.d/lockd start # /etc/rc.d/statd start
If real locking between the NFS clients
and NFS server is not required, it is
possible to let the NFS client do locking
locally by passing -L to mount_nfs(8). Refer to
the mount_nfs(8) manual
page for further details.
NFS has many practical uses. Some of the more common ones are listed below:
Set several machines to share a CDROM or other media among them. This is cheaper and often a more convenient method to install software on multiple machines.
On large networks, it might be more convenient to configure a central NFS server in which to store all the user home directories. These home directories can then be exported to the network so that users would always have the same home directory, regardless of which workstation they log in to.
Several machines could have a common /usr/ports/distfiles directory. That way, when you need to install a port on several machines, you can quickly access the source without downloading it on each machine.
amd(8) (the automatic mounter daemon) automatically mounts a remote file system whenever a file or directory within that file system is accessed. Filesystems that are inactive for a period of time will also be automatically unmounted by amd. Using amd provides a simple alternative to permanent mounts, as permanent mounts are usually listed in /etc/fstab.
amd operates by attaching itself as an NFS server to the /host and /net directories. When a file is accessed within one of these directories, amd looks up the corresponding remote mount and automatically mounts it. /net is used to mount an exported file system from an IP address, while /host is used to mount an export from a remote hostname.
An access to a file within /host/foobar/usr would tell amd to attempt to mount the /usr export on the host foobar.
Example 29-2. Mounting an Export with amd
You can view the available mounts of a remote host with the showmount command. For example, to view the mounts of a host named foobar, you can use:
% showmount -e foobar Exports list on foobar: /usr 10.10.10.0 /a 10.10.10.0 % cd /host/foobar/usr
As seen in the example, the showmount shows /usr as an export. When changing directories to /host/foobar/usr, amd attempts to resolve the hostname foobar and automatically mount the desired export.
amd can be started by the startup scripts by placing the following lines in /etc/rc.conf:
amd_enable="YES"
Additionally, custom flags can be passed to amd from the
amd_flags option. By default, amd_flags is set to:
amd_flags="-a /.amd_mnt -l syslog /host /etc/amd.map /net /etc/amd.map"
The /etc/amd.map file defines the default options that exports are mounted with. The /etc/amd.conf file defines some of the more advanced features of amd.
Consult the amd(8) and amd.conf(5) manual pages for more information.
Certain Ethernet adapters for ISA PC systems have limitations which can lead to serious network problems, particularly with NFS. This difficulty is not specific to FreeBSD, but FreeBSD systems are affected by it.
The problem nearly always occurs when (FreeBSD) PC systems are networked with high-performance workstations, such as those made by Silicon Graphics, Inc., and Sun Microsystems, Inc. The NFS mount will work fine, and some operations may succeed, but suddenly the server will seem to become unresponsive to the client, even though requests to and from other systems continue to be processed. This happens to the client system, whether the client is the FreeBSD system or the workstation. On many systems, there is no way to shut down the client gracefully once this problem has manifested itself. The only solution is often to reset the client, because the NFS situation cannot be resolved.
Though the “correct” solution is to get a higher performance and capacity
Ethernet adapter for the FreeBSD system, there is a simple workaround that will allow
satisfactory operation. If the FreeBSD system is the server, include the option -w=1024 on the mount from the client. If the FreeBSD system is the
client, then mount the NFS file
system with the option -r=1024. These options may be
specified using the fourth field of the fstab entry on the
client for automatic mounts, or by using the -o parameter of
the mount(8) command for
manual mounts.
It should be noted that there is a different problem, sometimes mistaken for this one, when the NFS servers and clients are on different networks. If that is the case, make certain that your routers are routing the necessary UDP information, or you will not get anywhere, no matter what else you are doing.
In the following examples, fastws is the host (interface) name
of a high-performance workstation, and freebox is the host
(interface) name of a FreeBSD system with a lower-performance Ethernet adapter. Also, /sharedfs will be the exported NFS file system (see exports(5)), and /project will be the mount point on the client for the exported
file system. In all cases, note that additional options, such as hard or soft and bg may be desirable in your application.
Examples for the FreeBSD system (freebox) as the client in /etc/fstab on freebox:
fastws:/sharedfs /project nfs rw,-r=1024 0 0
As a manual mount command on freebox:
# mount -t nfs -o -r=1024 fastws:/sharedfs /project
Examples for the FreeBSD system as the server in /etc/fstab on fastws:
freebox:/sharedfs /project nfs rw,-w=1024 0 0
As a manual mount command on fastws:
# mount -t nfs -o -w=1024 freebox:/sharedfs /project
Nearly any 16-bit Ethernet adapter will allow operation without the above restrictions on the read or write size.
For anyone who cares, here is what happens when the failure occurs, which also explains why it is unrecoverable. NFS typically works with a “block” size of 8 K (though it may do fragments of smaller sizes). Since the maximum Ethernet packet is around 1500 bytes, the NFS “block” gets split into multiple Ethernet packets, even though it is still a single unit to the upper-level code, and must be received, assembled, and acknowledged as a unit. The high-performance workstations can pump out the packets which comprise the NFS unit one right after the other, just as close together as the standard allows. On the smaller, lower capacity cards, the later packets overrun the earlier packets of the same unit before they can be transferred to the host and the unit as a whole cannot be reconstructed or acknowledged. As a result, the workstation will time out and try again, but it will try again with the entire 8 K unit, and the process will be repeated, ad infinitum.
By keeping the unit size below the Ethernet packet size limitation, we ensure that any complete Ethernet packet received can be acknowledged individually, avoiding the deadlock situation.
Overruns may still occur when a high-performance workstations is slamming data out to a PC system, but with the better cards, such overruns are not guaranteed on NFS “units”. When an overrun occurs, the units affected will be retransmitted, and there will be a fair chance that they will be received, assembled, and acknowledged.