Aside from the disks you physically insert into your computer: floppies, CDs, hard drives, and so forth; other forms of disks are understood by FreeBSD - the virtual disks.
These include network file systems such as the Network File System and Coda, memory-based file systems and file-backed file systems.
According to the FreeBSD version you run, you will have to use different tools for creation and use of file-backed and memory-based file systems.
Note: The FreeBSD 4.X users will have to use MAKEDEV(8) to create the required devices. FreeBSD 5.0 and later use devfs(5) to allocate device nodes transparently for the user.
The utility vnconfig(8) configures and enables vnode pseudo-disk devices. A vnode is a representation of a file, and is the focus of file activity. This means that vnconfig(8) uses files to create and operate a file system. One possible use is the mounting of floppy or CD images kept in files.
To use vnconfig(8), you need vn(4) support in your kernel configuration file:
pseudo-device vn
To mount an existing file system image:
Example 12-3. Using vnconfig to Mount an Existing File System Image under FreeBSD 4.X
# vnconfig vn0 diskimage # mount /dev/vn0c /mnt
To create a new file system image with vnconfig(8):
Example 12-4. Creating a New File-Backed Disk with vnconfig
# dd if=/dev/zero of=newimage bs=1k count=5k
5120+0 records in
5120+0 records out
# vnconfig -s labels -c vn0 newimage
# disklabel -r -w vn0 auto
# newfs vn0c
Warning: 2048 sector(s) in last cylinder unallocated
/dev/vn0c: 10240 sectors in 3 cylinders of 1 tracks, 4096 sectors
5.0MB in 1 cyl groups (16 c/g, 32.00MB/g, 1280 i/g)
super-block backups (for fsck -b #) at:
32
# mount /dev/vn0c /mnt
# df /mnt
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on
/dev/vn0c 4927 1 4532 0% /mnt
The utility mdconfig(8) is used to configure and enable memory disks, md(4), under FreeBSD 5.X. To use mdconfig(8), you have to load md(4) module or to add the support in your kernel configuration file:
device md
The mdconfig(8) command supports three kinds of memory backed virtual disks: memory disks allocated with malloc(9), memory disks using a file or swap space as backing. One possible use is the mounting of floppy or CD images kept in files.
To mount an existing file system image:
Example 12-5. Using mdconfig to Mount an Existing File System Image under FreeBSD 5.X
# mdconfig -a -t vnode -f diskimage -u 0 # mount /dev/md0c /mnt
To create a new file system image with mdconfig(8):
Example 12-6. Creating a New File-Backed Disk with mdconfig
# dd if=/dev/zero of=newimage bs=1k count=5k
5120+0 records in
5120+0 records out
# mdconfig -a -t vnode -f newimage -u 0
# disklabel -r -w md0 auto
# newfs md0c
/dev/md0c: 5.0MB (10240 sectors) block size 16384, fragment size 2048
using 4 cylinder groups of 1.27MB, 81 blks, 256 inodes.
super-block backups (for fsck -b #) at:
32, 2624, 5216, 7808
# mount /dev/md0c /mnt
# df /mnt
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on
/dev/md0c 4846 2 4458 0% /mnt
If you do not specify the unit number with the -u option, mdconfig(8) will use the md(4) automatic allocation to select an unused device. The name of the allocated unit will be output on stdout like md4. For more details about mdconfig(8), please refer to the manual page.
Note: Since FreeBSD 5.1-RELEASE, the bsdlabel(8) utility replaces the old disklabel(8) program. With bsdlabel(8) a number of obsolete options and parameters have been retired; in the example above the option -r should be removed. For more information, please refer to the bsdlabel(8) manual page.
The utility mdconfig(8) is very useful, however it asks many command lines to create a file-backed file system. FreeBSD 5.0 also comes with a tool called mdmfs(8), this program configures a md(4) disk using mdconfig(8), puts a UFS file system on it using newfs(8), and mounts it using mount(8). For example, if you want to create and mount the same file system image as above, simply type the following:
# dd if=/dev/zero of=newimage bs=1k count=5k 5120+0 records in 5120+0 records in 5120+0 records out # mdmfs -F newimage -s 5m md0 /mnt # df /mnt Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on /dev/md0 4846 2 4458 0% /mnt
If you use the option md without unit number, mdmfs(8) will use md(4) auto-unit feature to automatically select an unused device. For more details about mdmfs(8), please refer to the manual page.
The md(4) driver is a simple, efficient means to create memory file systems under FreeBSD 4.X. malloc(9) is used to allocate the memory.
Simply take a file system you have prepared with, for example, vnconfig(8), and:
Example 12-7. md Memory Disk under FreeBSD 4.X
# dd if=newimage of=/dev/md0 5120+0 records in 5120+0 records out # mount /dev/md0c /mnt # df /mnt Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on /dev/md0c 4927 1 4532 0% /mnt
For more details, please refer to md(4) manual page.
The same tools are used for memory-based and file-backed file systems: mdconfig(8) or mdmfs(8). The storage for memory-based file system is allocated with malloc(9).
Example 12-8. Creating a New Memory-Based Disk with mdconfig
# mdconfig -a -t malloc -s 5m -u 1
# newfs -U md1
/dev/md1: 5.0MB (10240 sectors) block size 16384, fragment size 2048
using 4 cylinder groups of 1.27MB, 81 blks, 256 inodes.
with soft updates
super-block backups (for fsck -b #) at:
32, 2624, 5216, 7808
# mount /dev/md1 /mnt
# df /mnt
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on
/dev/md1 4846 2 4458 0% /mnt
Example 12-9. Creating a New Memory-Based Disk with mdmfs
# mdmfs -M -s 5m md2 /mnt # df /mnt Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on /dev/md2 4846 2 4458 0% /mnt
Instead of using a malloc(9) backed file system, it is possible to use swap, for that just replace malloc with swap in the command line of mdconfig(8). The mdmfs(8) utility by default (without -M) creates a swap-based disk. For more details, please refer to mdconfig(8) and mdmfs(8) manual pages.
When a memory-based or file-based file system is not used, you should release all resources to the system. The first thing to do is to unmount the file system, then use mdconfig(8) to detach the disk from the system and release the resources.
For example to detach and free all resources used by /dev/md4:
# mdconfig -d -u 4
It is possible to list information about configured md(4) devices in using the command mdconfig -l.
For FreeBSD 4.X, vnconfig(8) is used to detach the device. For example to detach and free all resources used by /dev/vn4:
# vnconfig -u vn4
This, and other documents, can be downloaded from ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/.
For questions about FreeBSD, read the documentation before contacting <[email protected]>.
For questions about this documentation, e-mail <[email protected]>.