gdbm

Copying Conditions.

This library is free; this means that everyone is free to use it and free to redistribute it on a free basis. GNU dbm (gdbm) is not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are restrictions on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed to permit everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do. What is not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing any version of gdbm that they might get from you.

Specifically, we want to make sure that you have the right to give away copies gdbm, that you receive source code or else can get it if you want it, that you can change these functions or use pieces of them in new free programs, and that you know you can do these things.

To make sure that everyone has such rights, we have to forbid you to deprive anyone else of these rights. For example, if you distribute copies gdbm, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must tell them their rights.

Also, for our own protection, we must make certain that everyone finds out that there is no warranty for anything in the gdbm distribution. If these functions are modified by someone else and passed on, we want their recipients to know that what they have is not what we distributed, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on our reputation.

gdbm is currently distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License, Version 2. (NOT under the GNU General Library Public License.) A copy the GNU General Public License is included with the distribution of gdbm.

Introduction to GNU dbm.

GNU dbm (gdbm)is a library of database functions that use extendible hashing and works similar to the standard UNIX dbm functions. These routines are provided to a programmer needing to create and manipulate a hashed database. (gdbm is NOT a complete database package for an end user.)

The basic use of gdbm is to store key/data pairs in a data file. Each key must be unique and each key is paired with only one data item. The keys can not be directly accessed in sorted order. The basic unit of data in gdbm is the structure:

  typedef struct {
             char *dptr;
             int  dsize;
          } datum;

This structure allows for arbitrary sized keys and data items.

The key/data pairs are stored in a gdbm disk file, called a gdbm database. An application must open a gdbm database to be able manipulate the keys and data contained in the database. gdbm allows an application to have multiple databases open at the same time. When an application opens a gdbm database, it is designated as a reader or a writer. A gdbm database opened by at most one writer at a time. However, many readers may open the database open simultaneously. Readers and writers can not open the gdbm database at the same time.

List of functions.

The following is a quick list of the functions contained in the gdbm library. The include file gdbm.h, that can be included by the user, contains a definition of these functions.

#include <gdbm.h>

GDBM_FILE gdbm_open(name, block_size, flags, mode, fatal_func);
void gdbm_close(dbf);
int gdbm_store(dbf, key, content, flag);
datum gdbm_fetch(dbf, key);
int gdbm_delete(dbf, key);
datum gdbm_firstkey(dbf);
datum gdbm_nextkey(dbf, key);
int gdbm_reorganize(dbf);
void gdbm_sync(dbf);

The gdbm.h include file is often in the `/usr/local/gnu/include' directory. (The actual location of gdbm.h depends on your local installation of gdbm.)

Opening the database.

Initialize gdbm system. If the file has a size of zero bytes, a file initialization procedure is performed, setting up the initial structure in the file.

The procedure for opening a gdbm file is:

GDBM_FILE dbf;

dbf = gdbm_open(name, block_size, flags, mode, fatal_func);

The parameters are:

char *name
The name of the file (the complete name, gdbm does not append any characters to this name).
int block_size
It is used during initialization to determine the size of various constructs. It is the size of a single transfer from disk to memory. This parameter is ignored if the file has been previously initialized. The minimum size is 512. If the value is less than 512, the file system blocksize is used, otherwise the value of block_size is used.
int flags
If flags is set to GDBM_READER, the user wants to just read the database and any call to gdbm_store or gdbm_delete will fail. Many readers can access the database at the same time. If flags is set to GDBM_WRITER, the user wants both read and write access to the database and requires exclusive access. If flags is set to GDBM_WRCREAT, the user wants both read and write access to the database and if the database does not exist, create a new one. If flags is set to GDBM_NEWDB, the user want a new database created, regardless of whether one existed, and wants read and write access to the new database. For all writers (GDBM_WRITER, GDBM_WRCREAT and GDBM_NEWDB) the value GDBM_FAST can be added to the flags field using logical or. This option causes gdbm to write the database without any disk file synchronization. This allows faster writes, but may produce an inconsistent database in the event of abnormal termination of the writer. Any error detected will cause a return value of NULL and an appropriate value will be in gdbm_errno (see Variables). If no errors occur, a pointer to the gdbm file descriptor will be returned.
int mode
File mode (see chmod(2) and open(2) if the file is created).
void (*fatal_func) ()
A function for gdbm to call if it detects a fatal error. The only parameter of this function is a string. If the value of NULL is provided, gdbm will use a default function.

The return value, dbf, is the pointer needed by all other functions to access that gdbm file. If the return is the NULL pointer, gdbm_open was not successful. The errors can be found in gdbm_errno for gdbm errors and in errno for file system errors (for error codes, see gdbm.h).

In all of the following calls, the parameter dbf refers to the pointer returned from gdbm_open.

Closing the database.

It is important that every file opened is also closed. This is needed to update the reader/writer count on the file. This is done by:

gdbm_close(dbf);

The parameter is:

GDBM_FILE dbf
The pointer returned by gdbm_open.

Closes the gdbm file and frees all memory associated with the file dbf.

Inserting and replacing records in the database.

The function gdbm_store inserts or replaces records in the database.

ret = gdbm_store(dbf, key, content, flag);

The parameters are:

GDBM_FILE dbf
The pointer returned by gdbm_open.
datum key
The key data.
datum content
The data to be associated with the key.
int flag
Defines the action to take when the key is already in the database. The value GDBM_REPLACE (defined in gdbm.h) asks that the old data be replaced by the new content. The value GDBM_INSERT asks that an error be returned and no action taken if the key already exists.

The values returned in ret are:

-1
The item was not stored in the database because the caller was not an official writer or either key or content have a NULL dptr field. Both key and content must have the dptr field be a non-NULL value. Since a NULL dptr field is used by other functions to indicate an error, a NULL field cannot be valid data.
+1
The item was not stored because the argument flag was GDBM_INSERT and the key was already in the database.
0
No error. content is keyed by key. The file on disk is updated to reflect the structure of the new database before returning from this function.

If you store data for a key that is already in the data base, gdbm replaces the old data with the new data if called with GDBM_REPLACE. You do not get two data items for the same key and you do not get an error from gdbm_store.

The size in gdbm is not restricted like dbm or ndbm. Your data can be as large as you want.

Searching for records in the database.

Looks up a given key and returns the information associated with that key. The pointer in the structure that is returned is a pointer to dynamically allocated memory block. To search for some data:

content = gdbm_fetch(dbf, key);

The parameters are:

GDBM_FILE dbf
The pointer returned by gdbm_open.
datum key
The key data.

The datum returned in content is a pointer to the data found. If the dptr is NULL, no data was found. If dptr is not NULL, then it points to data allocated by malloc. gdbm does not automatically free this data. The user must free this storage when done using it. This eliminates the need to copy the result to save it for later use (you just save the pointer).

Removing records from the database.

To remove some data from the database:

ret = gdbm_delete(dbf, key);

The parameters are:

GDBM_FILE dbf
The pointer returned by gdbm_open.
datum key
The key data.

The ret value is -1 if the item is not present or the requester is a reader. The ret value is 0 if there was a successful delete.

gdbm_delete removes the keyed item and the key from the database dbf. The file on disk is updated to reflect the structure of the new database before returning from this function.

Sequential access to records.

The next two functions allow for accessing all items in the database. This access is not key sequential, but it is guaranteed to visit every key in the database once. The order has to do with the hash values. gdbm_firstkey starts the visit of all keys in the database. gdbm_nextkey finds and reads the next entry in the hash structure for dbf.

key = gdbm_firstkey(dbf);

nextkey = gdbm_nextkey(dbf, key);

The parameters are:

GDBM_FILE dbf
The pointer returned by gdbm_open.
datum key
datum nextkey
The key data.

The return values are both datum. If key.dptr or nextkey.dptr is NULL, there is no first key or next key. Again notice that dptr points to data allocated by malloc and gdbm will not free it for you.

Database reorganization.

The following function should be used very seldom.

ret = gdbm_reorganize(dbf);

The parameter is:

GDBM_FILE dbf
The pointer returned by gdbm_open.

If you have had a lot of deletions and would like to shrink the space used by the gdbm file, this function will reorganize the database. gdbm will not shorten the length of a gdbm file (deleted file space will be reused) except by using this reorganization.

This reorganization requires creating a new file and inserting all the elements in the old file dbf into the new file. The new file is then renamed to the same name as the old file and dbf is updated to contain all the correct information about the new file. If an error is detected, the return value is negative. The value zero is returned after a successful reorganization.

Database Synchronization

If your database was opened with the GDBM_FAST flag, gdbm does not wait for writes to the disk to complete before continuing. This allows faster writing of databases at the risk of having a corrupted database if the application terminates in an abnormal fashion. The following function allows the programmer to make sure the disk version of the database has been completely updated with all changes to the current time.

gdbm_sync(dbf);

The parameter is:

GDBM_FILE dbf
The pointer returned by gdbm_open.

This would usually be called after a complete set of changes have been made to the database and before some long waiting time. gdbm_close automatically calls the equivalent of gdbm_sync so no call is needed if the database is to be closed immediately after the set of changes have been made.

Two useful variables.

The following two variables are variables that may need to be used:

gdbm_error gdbm_errno
The variable that contains more information about gdbm errors (gdbm.h has the definitions of the error values).
char * gdbm_version
The string containing the version information.

Compatibility with standard dbm and ndbm.

GNU dbm files are not sparse. You can copy them with the UNIX cp command and they will not expand in the copying process.

There is a compatibility mode for use with programs that already use UNIX dbm and UNIX ndbm.

GNU dbm has compatibility functions for dbm. For dbm compatibility functions, you need the include file dbm.h.

In this compatibility mode, no gdbm file pointer is required by the user. Only one file may be opened at a time. All users in compatibility mode are assumed to be writers. If the gdbm file is a read only, it will fail as a writer, but will also try to open it as a reader. All returned pointers in datum structures point to data that gdbm WILL free. They should be treated as static pointers (as standard UNIX dbm does). The compatibility function names are the same as the UNIX dbm function names. Their definitions follow:

int dbminit(name);
int store(key, content);
datum fetch(key);
int delete(key);
datum firstkey();
datum nextkey(key);

Standard UNIX dbm and GNU dbm do not have the same data format in the file. You cannot access a standard UNIX dbm file with GNU dbm! If you want to use an old database with GNU dbm, you must use the conv2gdbm program.

Also, GNU dbm has compatibility functions for ndbm. For ndbm compatibility functions, you need the include file ndbm.h.

Again, just like ndbm, any returned datum can be assumed to be static storage. You do not have to free that memory, the ndbm compatibility functions will do it for you.

The functions are:

DBM *dbm_open(name, flags, mode);
void dbm_close(file);
datum dbm_fetch(file, key);
int dbm_store(file, key, content, flags);
int dbm_delete(file, key);
datum dbm_firstkey(file);
datum dbm_nextkey(file);
int dbm_error(file);
int dbm_clearerr(file);
int dbm_dirfno(file);
int dbm_pagfno(file);

If you want to compile an old C program that used UNIX dbm or ndbm and want to use gdbm files, execute the following cc command:

cc ... -L /usr/local/lib -lgdbm

Converting dbm files to gdbm format.

The program conv2gdbm has been provided to help you convert from dbm databases to gdbm. The usage is:

conv2gdbm [-q] [-b block_size] dbm_file [gdbm_file]

The options are:

-q
Causes conv2gdbm to work quietly.
block_size
Is the same as in gdbm_open.
dbm_file
Is the name of the dbm file without the .pag or .dir extensions.
gdbm_file
Is the complete file name. If not included, the gdbm file name is the same as the dbm file name without any extensions. That is conv2gdbm dbmfile converts the files dbmfile.pag and dbmfile.dir into a gdbm file called dbmfile.

Problems and bugs.

If you have problems with GNU dbm or think you've found a bug, please report it. Before reporting a bug, make sure you've actually found a real bug. Carefully reread the documentation and see if it really says you can do what you're trying to do. If it's not clear whether you should be able to do something or not, report that too; it's a bug in the documentation!

Before reporting a bug or trying to fix it yourself, try to isolate it to the smallest possible input file that reproduces the problem. Then send us the input file and the exact results gdbm gave you. Also say what you expected to occur; this will help us decide whether the problem was really in the documentation.

Once you've got a precise problem, send e-mail to:

Internet: `[email protected]'.
UUCP: `mit-eddie!prep.ai.mit.edu!bug-gnu-utils'.

Please include the version number of GNU dbm you are using. You can get this information by printing the variable gdbm_version (see Variables).

Non-bug suggestions are always welcome as well. If you have questions about things that are unclear in the documentation or are just obscure features, please report them too.

You may contact the author by:

    e-mail:  [email protected]
   us-mail:  Philip A. Nelson
             Computer Science Department
             Western Washington University
             Bellingham, WA 98226