An object (entity instance) is either transient or persistent with respect to a particular ISession. Newly instantiated objects are, of course, transient. The session offers services for saving (ie. persisting) transient instances:

DomesticCat fritz = new DomesticCat();
fritz.Color = Color.Ginger;
fritz.Sex = 'M';
fritz.Name = "Fritz";
long generatedId = (long) sess.Save(fritz);

DomesticCat pk = new DomesticCat();
pk.Color = Color.Tabby;
pk.Sex = 'F';
pk.Name = "PK";
pk.Kittens = new HashSet();
pk.AddKitten(fritz);
sess.Save( pk, 1234L );

The single-argument Save() generates and assigns a unique identifier to fritz. The two-argument form attempts to persist pk using the given identifier. We generally discourage the use of the two-argument form since it may be used to create primary keys with business meaning.

Associated objects may be made persistent in any order you like unless you have a NOT NULL constraint upon a foreign key column. There is never a risk of violating foreign key constraints. However, you might violate a NOT NULL constraint if you Save() the objects in the wrong order.

The Load() methods of ISession give you a way to retrieve a persistent instance if you already know its identifier. One version takes a class object and will load the state into a newly instantiated object. The second version allows you to supply an instance into which the state will be loaded. The form which takes an instance is only useful in special circumstances (DIY instance pooling etc.)

Cat fritz = (Cat) sess.Load(typeof(Cat), generatedId);

long pkId = 1234;
DomesticCat pk = (DomesticCat) sess.Load( typeof(Cat), pkId );

Cat cat = new DomesticCat();
// load pk's state into cat
sess.Load( cat, pkId );
ISet kittens = cat.Kittens;

Note that Load() will throw an unrecoverable exception if there is no matching database row. If the class is mapped with a proxy, Load() returns an object that is an uninitialized proxy and does not actually hit the database until you invoke a method of the object. This behaviour is very useful if you wish to create an association to an object without actually loading it from the database.

If you are not certain that a matching row exists, you should use the Get() method, which hits the database immediately and returns null if there is no matching row.

Cat cat = (Cat) sess.Get(typeof(Cat), id);
if (cat==null) {
    cat = new Cat();
    sess.Save(cat, id);
}
return cat;

You may also load an objects using an SQL SELECT ... FOR UPDATE. See the next section for a discussion of NHibernate LockModes.

Cat cat = (Cat) sess.Get(typeof(Cat), id, LockMode.Upgrade);

Note that any associated instances or contained collections are not selected FOR UPDATE.

It is possible to re-load an object and all its collections at any time, using the Refresh() method. This is useful when database triggers are used to initialize some of the properties of the object.

sess.Save(cat);
sess.Flush(); //force the SQL INSERT
sess.Refresh(cat); //re-read the state (after the trigger executes)

An important question usually appears at this point: How much does Hibernate load from the database and how many SQL SELECTs will it use? This depends on the fetching strategy and is explained in Section 15.1, “Fetching strategies”.

If you don't know the identifier(s) of the object(s) you are looking for, use the Find() methods of ISession. NHibernate supports a simple but powerful object oriented query language.

IList cats = sess.Find(
    "from Cat as cat where cat.Birthdate = ?",
    date,
    NHibernateUtil.Date
);

IList mates = sess.Find(
    "select mate from Cat as cat join cat.Mate as mate " +
    "where cat.name = ?",
    name,
    NHibernateUtil.String
);

IList cats = sess.Find( "from Cat as cat where cat.Mate.Birthdate is null" );

IList moreCats = sess.Find(
    "from Cat as cat where " + 
    "cat.Name = 'Fritz' or cat.id = ? or cat.id = ?",
    new object[] { id1, id2 },
    new IType[] { NHibernateUtil.Int64, NHibernateUtil.Int64 }
);

IList mates = sess.Find(
    "from Cat as cat where cat.Mate = ?",
    izi,
    NHibernateUtil.Entity(typeof(Cat))
);

IList problems = sess.Find(
    "from GoldFish as fish " +
    "where fish.Birthday > fish.Deceased or fish.Birthday is null"
);

The second argument to Find() accepts an object or array of objects. The third argument accepts a NHibernate type or array of NHibernate types. These given types are used to bind the given objects to the ? query placeholders (which map to input parameters of an ADO.NET IDbCommand). Just as in ADO.NET, you should use this binding mechanism in preference to string manipulation.

The NHibernateUtil class defines a number of static methods and constants, providing access to most of the built-in types, as instances of NHibernate.Type.IType.

If you expect your query to return a very large number of objects, but you don't expect to use them all, you might get better performance from the Enumerable() methods, which return a System.Collections.IEnumerable. The iterator will load objects on demand, using the identifiers returned by an initial SQL query (n+1 selects total).

// fetch ids
IEnumerable en = sess.Enumerable("from eg.Qux q order by q.Likeliness"); 
foreach ( Qux qux in en )
{
    // something we couldnt express in the query
    if ( qux.CalculateComplicatedAlgorithm() ) {
        // dont need to process the rest
        break;
    }
}

The Enumerable() method also performs better if you expect that many of the objects are already loaded and cached by the session, or if the query results contain the same objects many times. (When no data is cached or repeated, Find() is almost always faster.) Heres an example of a query that should be called using Enumerable():

IEnumerable en = sess.Enumerable(
    "select customer, product " + 
    "from Customer customer, " +
    "Product product " +
    "join customer.Purchases purchase " +
    "where product = purchase.Product"
);

Calling the previous query using Find() would return a very large ADO.NET result set containing the same data many times.

NHibernate queries sometimes return tuples of objects, in which case each tuple is returned as an array:

IEnumerable foosAndBars = sess.Enumerable(
    "select foo, bar from Foo foo, Bar bar " +
    "where bar.Date = foo.Date"
);
foreach (object[] tuple in foosAndBars)
{
    Foo foo = tuple[0]; Bar bar = tuple[1];
    ....
}

IEnumerable results = sess.Enumerable(
        "select cat.Color, min(cat.Birthdate), count(cat) from Cat cat " +
        "group by cat.Color"
);
foreach ( object[] row in results )
{
    Color type = (Color) row[0];
    DateTime oldest = (DateTime) row[1];
    int count = (int) row[2];
    .....
}

IEnumerable en = sess.Enumerable(
    "select cat.Type, cat.Birthdate, cat.Name from DomesticCat cat"
);

IList list = sess.Find(
    "select cat, cat.Mate.Name from DomesticCat cat"
);

IQuery q = sess.CreateQuery("from DomesticCat cat");
q.SetFirstResult(20);
q.SetMaxResults(10);
IList cats = q.List();

<query name="Eg.DomesticCat.by.name.and.minimum.weight"><![CDATA[
    from Eg.DomesticCat as cat
        where cat.Name = ?
        and cat.Weight > ?
] ]></query>

IQuery q = sess.GetNamedQuery("Eg.DomesticCat.by.name.and.minimum.weight");
q.SetString(0, name);
q.SetInt32(1, minWeight);
IList cats = q.List();

//named parameter (preferred)
IQuery q = sess.CreateQuery("from DomesticCat cat where cat.Name = :name");
q.SetString("name", "Fritz");
IEnumerable cats = q.Enumerable();

//positional parameter
IQuery q = sess.CreateQuery("from DomesticCat cat where cat.Name = ?");
q.SetString(0, "Izi");
IEnumerable cats = q.Enumerable();

//named parameter list
IList names = new ArrayList();
names.Add("Izi");
names.Add("Fritz");
IQuery q = sess.CreateQuery("from DomesticCat cat where cat.Name in (:namesList)");
q.SetParameterList("namesList", names);
IList cats = q.List();

ICollection blackKittens = session.Filter(
    pk.Kittens, "where this.Color = ?", Color.Black, NHibernateUtil.Enum(typeof(Color))
);

ICollection blackKittenMates = session.Filter(
    pk.Kittens, "select this.Mate where this.Color = Eg.Color.Black"
);

ICriteria crit = session.CreateCriteria(typeof(Cat));
crit.Add( Expression.Eq("color", Eg.Color.Black) );
crit.SetMaxResults(10);
IList cats = crit.List();

IList cats = session.CreateSQLQuery(
    "SELECT {cat.*} FROM CAT {cat} WHERE ROWNUM<10",
    "cat",
    typeof(Cat)
).List();

IList cats = session.CreateSQLQuery(
    "SELECT {cat}.ID AS {cat.Id}, {cat}.SEX AS {cat.Sex}, " +
           "{cat}.MATE AS {cat.Mate}, {cat}.SUBCLASS AS {cat.class}, ... " +
    "FROM CAT {cat} WHERE ROWNUM<10",
    "cat",
    typeof(Cat)
).List()

ISession.Delete() will remove an object's state from the database. Of course, your application might still hold a reference to it. So it's best to think of Delete() as making a persistent instance transient.

sess.Delete(cat);

You may also delete many objects at once by passing a NHibernate query string to Delete().

You may now delete objects in any order you like, without risk of foreign key constraint violations. Of course, it is still possible to violate a NOT NULL constraint on a foreign key column by deleting objects in the wrong order.

From time to time the ISession will execute the SQL statements needed to synchronize the ADO.NET connection's state with the state of objects held in memory. This process, flush, occurs by default at the following points

The SQL statements are issued in the following order

(An exception is that objects using native ID generation are inserted when they are saved.)

Except when you explicity Flush(), there are absolutely no guarantees about when the Session executes the ADO.NET calls, only the order in which they are executed. However, NHibernate does guarantee that the ISession.Find(..) methods will never return stale data; nor will they return the wrong data.

It is possible to change the default behavior so that flush occurs less frequently. The FlushMode class defines three different modes: only flush at commit time (and only when the NHibernate ITransaction API is used), flush automatically using the explained routine, or never flush unless Flush() is called explicitly. The last mode is useful for long running units of work, where an ISession is kept open and disconnected for a long time (see Section 10.4, “Optimistic concurrency control”).

sess = sf.OpenSession();
ITransaction tx = sess.BeginTransaction();
sess.FlushMode = FlushMode.Commit; //allow queries to return stale state
Cat izi = (Cat) sess.Load(typeof(Cat), id);
izi.Name = "iznizi";
// execute some queries....
sess.Find("from Cat as cat left outer join cat.Kittens kitten");
//change to izi is not flushed!
...
tx.Commit(); //flush occurs

Ending a session involves four distinct phases:

tx.Commit(); // flush the session and commit the transaction

sess.Flush();
currentTransaction.Commit();

tx.Rollback();  // rollback the transaction

currentTransaction.Rollback();

tx.Commit();
sess.Close();

sess.Flush();
currentTransaction.Commit();
sess.Close();

NHibernate use might lead to exceptions, usually HibernateException. This exception can have a nested inner exception (the root cause), use the InnerException property to access it.

If the ISession throws an exception you should immediately rollback the transaction, call ISession.Close() and discard the ISession instance. Certain methods of ISession will not leave the session in a consistent state.

For exceptions thrown by the data provider while interacting with the database, NHibernate will wrap the error in an instance of ADOException. The underlying exception is accessible by calling ADOException.InnerException.

The following exception handling idiom shows the typical case in NHibernate applications:

using (ISession sess = factory.OpenSession())
using (ITransaction tx = sess.BeginTransaction())
{
    // do some work
    ...
    tx.Commit();
}

Or, when manually managing ADO.NET transactions:

ISession sess = factory.openSession();
try
{
    // do some work
    ...
    sess.Flush();
    currentTransaction.Commit();
}
catch (Exception e)
{
    currentTransaction.Rollback();
    throw;
}
finally
{
    sess.Close();
}

To save or update all objects in a graph of associated objects, you must either

Likewise, to delete all objects in a graph, either

Recommendation:

Mapping an association (many-to-one, or collection) with cascade="all" marks the association as a parent/child style relationship where save/update/deletion of the parent results in save/update/deletion of the child(ren). Futhermore, a mere reference to a child from a persistent parent will result in save / update of the child. The metaphor is incomplete, however. A child which becomes unreferenced by its parent is not automatically deleted, except in the case of a <one-to-many> association mapped with cascade="all-delete-orphan". The precise semantics of cascading operations are as follows:

NHibernate does not fully implement "persistence by reachability", which would imply (inefficient) persistent garbage collection. However, due to popular demand, NHibernate does support the notion of entities becoming persistent when referenced by another persistent object. Associations marked cascade="save-update" behave in this way. If you wish to use this approach throughout your application, it's easier to specify the default-cascade attribute of the <hibernate-mapping> element.

The IInterceptor interface provides callbacks from the session to the application allowing the application to inspect and / or manipulate properties of a persistent object before it is saved, updated, deleted or loaded. One possible use for this is to track auditing information. For example, the following IInterceptor automatically sets the CreateTimestamp when an IAuditable is created and updates the LastUpdateTimestamp property when an IAuditable is updated.

using System;
using NHibernate.Type;

namespace NHibernate.Test
{
    [Serializable]
    public class AuditInterceptor : IInterceptor
    {
    
        private int updates;
        private int creates;
    
        public void OnDelete(object entity,
                             object id,
                             object[] state,
                             string[] propertyNames,
                             IType[] types)
        {
            // do nothing
        }
    
        public boolean OnFlushDirty(object entity, 
                                    object id, 
                                    object[] currentState,
                                    object[] previousState,
                                    string[] propertyNames,
                                    IType[] types) {
    
            if ( entity is IAuditable )
            {
                updates++;
                for ( int i=0; i < propertyNames.Length; i++ )
                {
                    if ( "LastUpdateTimestamp" == propertyNames[i] )
                    {
                        currentState[i] = DateTime.Now;
                        return true;
                    }
                }
            }
            return false;
        }
    
        public boolean OnLoad(object entity, 
                              object id,
                              object[] state,
                              string[] propertyNames,
                              IType[] types)
        {
            return false;
        }
    
        public boolean OnSave(object entity,
                              object id,
                              object[] state,
                              string[] propertyNames,
                              IType[] types)
        {
            if ( entity is IAuditable )
            {
                creates++;
                for ( int i=0; i<propertyNames.Length; i++ )
                {
                    if ( "CreateTimestamp" == propertyNames[i] )
                    {
                        state[i] = DateTime.Now;
                        return true;
                    }
                }
            }
            return false;
        }
    
        public void PostFlush(ICollection entities)
        {
            Console.Out.WriteLine("Creations: {0}, Updates: {1}", creates, updates);
        }
    
        public void PreFlush(ICollection entities) {
            updates=0;
            creates=0;
        }
        
        ......
        ......
    }
}

The interceptor would be specified when a session is created.

ISession session = sf.OpenSession( new AuditInterceptor() );

You may also set an interceptor on a global level, using the Configuration:

new Configuration().SetInterceptor( new AuditInterceptor() );

NHibernate requires a very rich meta-level model of all entity and value types. From time to time, this model is very useful to the application itself. For example, the application might use NHibernate's metadata to implement a "smart" deep-copy algorithm that understands which objects should be copied (eg. mutable value types) and which should not (eg. immutable value types and, possibly, associated entities).

NHibernate exposes metadata via the IClassMetadata and ICollectionMetadata interfaces and the IType hierarchy. Instances of the metadata interfaces may be obtained from the ISessionFactory.

Cat fritz = ......;
IClassMetadata catMeta = sessionfactory.GetClassMetadata(typeof(Cat));
long id = (long) catMeta.GetIdentifier(fritz);
object[] propertyValues = catMeta.GetPropertyValues(fritz);
string[] propertyNames = catMeta.PropertyNames;
IType[] propertyTypes = catMeta.PropertyTypes;

// get an IDictionary of all properties which are not collections or associations
// TODO: what about components?

IDictionary namedValues = new Hashtable();
for ( int i=0; i<propertyNames.Length; i++ )
{
    if ( !propertyTypes[i].IsEntityType && !propertyTypes[i].IsCollectionType )
	{
        namedValues[ propertyNames[i] ] = propertyValues[i];
    }
}