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# Reshaping and Pivot Tables

## Reshaping by pivoting DataFrame objects

Data is often stored in CSV files or databases in so-called “stacked” or “record” format:

    In [1]: df
    Out[1]:
             date variable     value
    0  2000-01-03        A  0.469112
    1  2000-01-04        A -0.282863
    2  2000-01-05        A -1.509059
    3  2000-01-03        B -1.135632
    4  2000-01-04        B  1.212112
    5  2000-01-05        B -0.173215
    6  2000-01-03        C  0.119209
    7  2000-01-04        C -1.044236
    8  2000-01-05        C -0.861849
    9  2000-01-03        D -2.104569
    10 2000-01-04        D -0.494929
    11 2000-01-05        D  1.071804

    [12 rows x 3 columns]

For the curious here is how the above DataFrame was created:

    import pandas.util.testing as tm; tm.N = 3
    def unpivot(frame):
        N, K = frame.shape
        data = {'value' : frame.values.ravel('F'),
                'variable' : np.asarray(frame.columns).repeat(N),
                'date' : np.tile(np.asarray(frame.index), K)}
        return DataFrame(data, columns=['date', 'variable', 'value'])
    df = unpivot(tm.makeTimeDataFrame())

To select out everything for variable `A` we could do:

    In [2]: df[df['variable'] == 'A']
    Out[2]:
            date variable     value
    0 2000-01-03        A  0.469112
    1 2000-01-04        A -0.282863
    2 2000-01-05        A -1.509059

    [3 rows x 3 columns]

But suppose we wish to do time series operations with the variables. A better representation would be where the `columns` are the unique variables and an `index` of dates identifies individual observations. To reshape the data into this form, use the `pivot` function:

    In [3]: df.pivot(index='date', columns='variable', values='value')
    Out[3]:
    variable           A         B         C         D
    date
    2000-01-03  0.469112 -1.135632  0.119209 -2.104569
    2000-01-04 -0.282863  1.212112 -1.044236 -0.494929
    2000-01-05 -1.509059 -0.173215 -0.861849  1.071804

    [3 rows x 4 columns]

If the `values` argument is omitted, and the input DataFrame has more than one column of values which are not used as column or index inputs to `pivot`, then the resulting “pivoted” DataFrame will have hierarchical columns whose topmost level indicates the respective value column:

    In [4]: df['value2'] = df['value'] * 2

    In [5]: pivoted = df.pivot('date', 'variable')

    In [6]: pivoted
    Out[6]:
                   value                                  value2            \
    variable           A         B         C         D         A         B
    date
    2000-01-03  0.469112 -1.135632  0.119209 -2.104569  0.938225 -2.271265
    2000-01-04 -0.282863  1.212112 -1.044236 -0.494929 -0.565727  2.424224
    2000-01-05 -1.509059 -0.173215 -0.861849  1.071804 -3.018117 -0.346429

    variable           C         D
    date
    2000-01-03  0.238417 -4.209138
    2000-01-04 -2.088472 -0.989859
    2000-01-05 -1.723698  2.143608

    [3 rows x 8 columns]

You of course can then select subsets from the pivoted DataFrame:

    In [7]: pivoted['value2']
    Out[7]:
    variable           A         B         C         D
    date
    2000-01-03  0.938225 -2.271265  0.238417 -4.209138
    2000-01-04 -0.565727  2.424224 -2.088472 -0.989859
    2000-01-05 -3.018117 -0.346429 -1.723698  2.143608

    [3 rows x 4 columns]

Note that this returns a view on the underlying data in the case where the data are homogeneously-typed.

## Reshaping by stacking and unstacking

Closely related to the `pivot` function are the related `stack` and `unstack` functions currently available on Series and DataFrame. These functions are designed to work together with `MultiIndex` objects (see the section on hierarchical indexing). Here are essentially what these functions do:

> - `stack`: “pivot” a level of the (possibly hierarchical) column labels, returning a DataFrame with an index with a new inner-most level of row labels.
> - `unstack`: inverse operation from `stack`: “pivot” a level of the (possibly hierarchical) row index to the column axis, producing a reshaped DataFrame with a new inner-most level of column labels.

The clearest way to explain is by example. Let’s take a prior example data set from the hierarchical indexing section:

    In [8]: tuples = list(zip(*[['bar', 'bar', 'baz', 'baz',
       ...:                 'foo', 'foo', 'qux', 'qux'],
       ...:                ['one', 'two', 'one', 'two',
       ...:                 'one', 'two', 'one', 'two']]))
       ...:

    In [9]: index = MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples, names=['first', 'second'])

    In [10]: df = DataFrame(randn(8, 2), index=index, columns=['A', 'B'])

    In [11]: df2 = df[:4]

    In [12]: df2
    Out[12]:
                         A         B
    first second
    bar   one     0.721555 -0.706771
          two    -1.039575  0.271860
    baz   one    -0.424972  0.567020
          two     0.276232 -1.087401

    [4 rows x 2 columns]

The `stack` function “compresses” a level in the DataFrame’s columns to produce either:

> - A Series, in the case of a simple column Index
> - A DataFrame, in the case of a `MultiIndex` in the columns

If the columns have a `MultiIndex`, you can choose which level to stack. The stacked level becomes the new lowest level in a `MultiIndex` on the columns:

    In [13]: stacked = df2.stack()

    In [14]: stacked
    Out[14]:
    first  second
    bar    one     A    0.721555
                   B   -0.706771
           two     A   -1.039575
                   B    0.271860
    baz    one     A   -0.424972
                   B    0.567020
           two     A    0.276232
                   B   -1.087401
    dtype: float64

With a “stacked” DataFrame or Series (having a `MultiIndex` as the `index`), the inverse operation of `stack` is `unstack`, which by default unstacks the last level:

    In [15]: stacked.unstack()
    Out[15]:
                         A         B
    first second
    bar   one     0.721555 -0.706771
          two    -1.039575  0.271860
    baz   one    -0.424972  0.567020
          two     0.276232 -1.087401

    [4 rows x 2 columns]

    In [16]: stacked.unstack(1)
    Out[16]:
    second        one       two
    first
    bar   A  0.721555 -1.039575
          B -0.706771  0.271860
    baz   A -0.424972  0.276232
          B  0.567020 -1.087401

    [4 rows x 2 columns]

    In [17]: stacked.unstack(0)
    Out[17]:
    first          bar       baz
    second
    one    A  0.721555 -0.424972
           B -0.706771  0.567020
    two    A -1.039575  0.276232
           B  0.271860 -1.087401

    [4 rows x 2 columns]

If the indexes have names, you can use the level names instead of specifying the level numbers:

    In [18]: stacked.unstack('second')
    Out[18]:
    second        one       two
    first
    bar   A  0.721555 -1.039575
          B -0.706771  0.271860
    baz   A -0.424972  0.276232
          B  0.567020 -1.087401

    [4 rows x 2 columns]

You may also stack or unstack more than one level at a time by passing a list of levels, in which case the end result is as if each level in the list were processed individually.

These functions are intelligent about handling missing data and do not expect each subgroup within the hierarchical index to have the same set of labels. They also can handle the index being unsorted (but you can make it sorted by calling `sortlevel`, of course). Here is a more complex example:

    In [19]: columns = MultiIndex.from_tuples([('A', 'cat'), ('B', 'dog'),
       ....:                                   ('B', 'cat'), ('A', 'dog')],
       ....:                                  names=['exp', 'animal'])
       ....:

    In [20]: df = DataFrame(randn(8, 4), index=index, columns=columns)

    In [21]: df2 = df.ix[[0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7]]

    In [22]: df2
    Out[22]:
    exp                  A         B                   A
    animal             cat       dog       cat       dog
    first second
    bar   one    -0.370647 -1.157892 -1.344312  0.844885
          two     1.075770 -0.109050  1.643563 -1.469388
    baz   one     0.357021 -0.674600 -1.776904 -0.968914
    foo   one    -0.013960 -0.362543 -0.006154 -0.923061
          two     0.895717  0.805244 -1.206412  2.565646
    qux   two     0.410835  0.813850  0.132003 -0.827317

    [6 rows x 4 columns]

As mentioned above, `stack` can be called with a `level` argument to select which level in the columns to stack:

    In [23]: df2.stack('exp')
    Out[23]:
    animal                 cat       dog
    first second exp
    bar   one    A   -0.370647  0.844885
                 B   -1.344312 -1.157892
          two    A    1.075770 -1.469388
                 B    1.643563 -0.109050
    baz   one    A    0.357021 -0.968914
                 B   -1.776904 -0.674600
    foo   one    A   -0.013960 -0.923061
                 B   -0.006154 -0.362543
          two    A    0.895717  2.565646
                 B   -1.206412  0.805244
    qux   two    A    0.410835 -0.827317
                 B    0.132003  0.813850

    [12 rows x 2 columns]

    In [24]: df2.stack('animal')
    Out[24]:
    exp                         A         B
    first second animal
    bar   one    cat    -0.370647 -1.344312
                 dog     0.844885 -1.157892
          two    cat     1.075770  1.643563
                 dog    -1.469388 -0.109050
    baz   one    cat     0.357021 -1.776904
                 dog    -0.968914 -0.674600
    foo   one    cat    -0.013960 -0.006154
                 dog    -0.923061 -0.362543
          two    cat     0.895717 -1.206412
                 dog     2.565646  0.805244
    qux   two    cat     0.410835  0.132003
                 dog    -0.827317  0.813850

    [12 rows x 2 columns]

Unstacking when the columns are a `MultiIndex` is also careful about doing the right thing:

    In [25]: df[:3].unstack(0)
    Out[25]:
    exp            A                   B                                     A  \
    animal       cat                 dog               cat                 dog
    first        bar       baz       bar     baz       bar       baz       bar
    second
    one    -0.370647  0.357021 -1.157892 -0.6746 -1.344312 -1.776904  0.844885
    two     1.075770       NaN -0.109050     NaN  1.643563       NaN -1.469388

    exp
    animal
    first        baz
    second
    one    -0.968914
    two          NaN

    [2 rows x 8 columns]

    In [26]: df2.unstack(1)
    Out[26]:
    exp            A                   B                                       A  \
    animal       cat                 dog                 cat                 dog
    second       one       two       one       two       one       two       one
    first
    bar    -0.370647  1.075770 -1.157892 -0.109050 -1.344312  1.643563  0.844885
    baz     0.357021       NaN -0.674600       NaN -1.776904       NaN -0.968914
    foo    -0.013960  0.895717 -0.362543  0.805244 -0.006154 -1.206412 -0.923061
    qux          NaN  0.410835       NaN  0.813850       NaN  0.132003       NaN

    exp
    animal
    second       two
    first
    bar    -1.469388
    baz          NaN
    foo     2.565646
    qux    -0.827317

    [4 rows x 8 columns]

## Reshaping by Melt

The `melt` function found in `pandas.core.reshape` is useful to massage a DataFrame into a format where one or more columns are identifier variables, while all other columns, considered measured variables, are “pivoted” to the row axis, leaving just two non-identifier columns, “variable” and “value”. The names of those columns can be customized by supplying the `var_name` and `value_name` parameters.

For instance,

    In [27]: cheese = DataFrame({'first' : ['John', 'Mary'],
       ....:                     'last' : ['Doe', 'Bo'],
       ....:                     'height' : [5.5, 6.0],
       ....:                     'weight' : [130, 150]})
       ....:

    In [28]: cheese
    Out[28]:
      first  height last  weight
    0  John     5.5  Doe     130
    1  Mary     6.0   Bo     150

    [2 rows x 4 columns]

    In [29]: melt(cheese, id_vars=['first', 'last'])
    Out[29]:
      first last variable  value
    0  John  Doe   height    5.5
    1  Mary   Bo   height    6.0
    2  John  Doe   weight  130.0
    3  Mary   Bo   weight  150.0

    [4 rows x 4 columns]

    In [30]: melt(cheese, id_vars=['first', 'last'], var_name='quantity')
    Out[30]:
      first last quantity  value
    0  John  Doe   height    5.5
    1  Mary   Bo   height    6.0
    2  John  Doe   weight  130.0
    3  Mary   Bo   weight  150.0

    [4 rows x 4 columns]

Another way to transform is to use the `wide_to_long` panel data convenience function.

    In [31]: dft = pd.DataFrame({"A1970" : {0 : "a", 1 : "b", 2 : "c"},
       ....:                     "A1980" : {0 : "d", 1 : "e", 2 : "f"},
       ....:                     "B1970" : {0 : 2.5, 1 : 1.2, 2 : .7},
       ....:                     "B1980" : {0 : 3.2, 1 : 1.3, 2 : .1},
       ....:                     "X"     : dict(zip(range(3), np.random.randn(3)))
       ....:                    })
       ....:

    In [32]: dft["id"] = dft.index

    In [33]: dft
    Out[33]:
      A1970 A1980  B1970  B1980         X  id
    0     a     d    2.5    3.2 -0.076467   0
    1     b     e    1.2    1.3 -1.187678   1
    2     c     f    0.7    0.1  1.130127   2

    [3 rows x 6 columns]

    In [34]: pd.wide_to_long(dft, ["A", "B"], i="id", j="year")
    Out[34]:
                    X  A    B
    id year
    0  1970 -0.076467  a  2.5
    1  1970 -1.187678  b  1.2
    2  1970  1.130127  c  0.7
    0  1980 -0.076467  d  3.2
    1  1980 -1.187678  e  1.3
    2  1980  1.130127  f  0.1

    [6 rows x 3 columns]

## Combining with stats and GroupBy

It should be no shock that combining `pivot` / `stack` / `unstack` with GroupBy and the basic Series and DataFrame statistical functions can produce some very expressive and fast data manipulations.

    In [35]: df
    Out[35]:
    exp                  A         B                   A
    animal             cat       dog       cat       dog
    first second
    bar   one    -0.370647 -1.157892 -1.344312  0.844885
          two     1.075770 -0.109050  1.643563 -1.469388
    baz   one     0.357021 -0.674600 -1.776904 -0.968914
          two    -1.294524  0.413738  0.276662 -0.472035
    foo   one    -0.013960 -0.362543 -0.006154 -0.923061
          two     0.895717  0.805244 -1.206412  2.565646
    qux   one     1.431256  1.340309 -1.170299 -0.226169
          two     0.410835  0.813850  0.132003 -0.827317

    [8 rows x 4 columns]

    In [36]: df.stack().mean(1).unstack()
    Out[36]:
    animal             cat       dog
    first second
    bar   one    -0.857479 -0.156504
          two     1.359666 -0.789219
    baz   one    -0.709942 -0.821757
          two    -0.508931 -0.029148
    foo   one    -0.010057 -0.642802
          two    -0.155347  1.685445
    qux   one     0.130479  0.557070
          two     0.271419 -0.006733

    [8 rows x 2 columns]

    # same result, another way
    In [37]: df.groupby(level=1, axis=1).mean()
    Out[37]:
    animal             cat       dog
    first second
    bar   one    -0.857479 -0.156504
          two     1.359666 -0.789219
    baz   one    -0.709942 -0.821757
          two    -0.508931 -0.029148
    foo   one    -0.010057 -0.642802
          two    -0.155347  1.685445
    qux   one     0.130479  0.557070
          two     0.271419 -0.006733

    [8 rows x 2 columns]

    In [38]: df.stack().groupby(level=1).mean()
    Out[38]:
    exp            A         B
    second
    one     0.016301 -0.644049
    two     0.110588  0.346200

    [2 rows x 2 columns]

    In [39]: df.mean().unstack(0)
    Out[39]:
    exp            A         B
    animal
    cat     0.311433 -0.431481
    dog    -0.184544  0.133632

    [2 rows x 2 columns]

## Pivot tables and cross-tabulations

The function `pandas.pivot_table` can be used to create spreadsheet-style pivot tables. See the cookbook for some advanced strategies

It takes a number of arguments

- `data`: A DataFrame object
- `values`: a column or a list of columns to aggregate
- `rows`: list of columns to group by on the table rows
- `cols`: list of columns to group by on the table columns
- `aggfunc`: function to use for aggregation, defaulting to `numpy.mean`

Consider a data set like this:

    In [40]: df = DataFrame({'A' : ['one', 'one', 'two', 'three'] * 6,
       ....:                 'B' : ['A', 'B', 'C'] * 8,
       ....:                 'C' : ['foo', 'foo', 'foo', 'bar', 'bar', 'bar'] * 4,
       ....:                 'D' : np.random.randn(24),
       ....:                 'E' : np.random.randn(24)})
       ....:

    In [41]: df
    Out[41]:
            A  B    C         D         E
    0     one  A  foo -1.436737  0.149748
    1     one  B  foo -1.413681 -0.732339
    2     two  C  foo  1.607920  0.687738
    3   three  A  bar  1.024180  0.176444
    4     one  B  bar  0.569605  0.403310
    5     one  C  bar  0.875906 -0.154951
    6     two  A  foo -2.211372  0.301624
    7   three  B  foo  0.974466 -2.179861
    8     one  C  foo -2.006747 -1.369849
    9     one  A  bar -0.410001 -0.954208
    10    two  B  bar -0.078638  1.462696
    11  three  C  bar  0.545952 -1.743161
    12    one  A  foo -1.219217 -0.826591
    13    one  B  foo -1.226825 -0.345352
    14    two  C  foo  0.769804  1.314232
          ... ..  ...       ...       ...

    [24 rows x 5 columns]

We can produce pivot tables from this data very easily:

    In [42]: pivot_table(df, values='D', rows=['A', 'B'], cols=['C'])
    Out[42]:
    C             bar       foo
    A     B
    one   A  0.274863 -1.327977
          B -0.079051 -1.320253
          C  0.377300 -0.832506
    three A -0.128534       NaN
          B       NaN  0.835120
          C -0.037012       NaN
    two   A       NaN -1.154627
          B -0.594487       NaN
          C       NaN  1.188862

    [9 rows x 2 columns]

    In [43]: pivot_table(df, values='D', rows=['B'], cols=['A', 'C'], aggfunc=np.sum)
    Out[43]:
    A       one               three                 two
    C       bar       foo       bar       foo       bar       foo
    B
    A  0.549725 -2.655954 -0.257067       NaN       NaN -2.309255
    B -0.158102 -2.640506       NaN  1.670241 -1.188974       NaN
    C  0.754600 -1.665013 -0.074024       NaN       NaN  2.377724

    [3 rows x 6 columns]

    In [44]: pivot_table(df, values=['D','E'], rows=['B'], cols=['A', 'C'], aggfunc=np.sum)
    Out[44]:
              D                                                           E  \
    A       one               three                 two                 one
    C       bar       foo       bar       foo       bar       foo       bar
    B
    A  0.549725 -2.655954 -0.257067       NaN       NaN -2.309255 -2.190477
    B -0.158102 -2.640506       NaN  1.670241 -1.188974       NaN  1.399070
    C  0.754600 -1.665013 -0.074024       NaN       NaN  2.377724  2.241830

    A               three                 two
    C       foo       bar       foo       bar       foo
    B
    A -0.676843  0.867024       NaN       NaN  0.316495
    B -1.077692       NaN  1.177566  2.358867       NaN
    C -1.687290 -2.230762       NaN       NaN  2.001971

    [3 rows x 12 columns]

The result object is a DataFrame having potentially hierarchical indexes on the rows and columns. If the `values` column name is not given, the pivot table will include all of the data that can be aggregated in an additional level of hierarchy in the columns:

    In [45]: pivot_table(df, rows=['A', 'B'], cols=['C'])
    Out[45]:
                    D                   E
    C             bar       foo       bar       foo
    A     B
    one   A  0.274863 -1.327977 -1.095238 -0.338421
          B -0.079051 -1.320253  0.699535 -0.538846
          C  0.377300 -0.832506  1.120915 -0.843645
    three A -0.128534       NaN  0.433512       NaN
          B       NaN  0.835120       NaN  0.588783
          C -0.037012       NaN -1.115381       NaN
    two   A       NaN -1.154627       NaN  0.158248
          B -0.594487       NaN  1.179433       NaN
          C       NaN  1.188862       NaN  1.000985

    [9 rows x 4 columns]

You can render a nice output of the table omitting the missing values by calling `to_string` if you wish:

    In [46]: table = pivot_table(df, rows=['A', 'B'], cols=['C'])

    In [47]: print(table.to_string(na_rep=''))
                    D                   E
    C             bar       foo       bar       foo
    A     B
    one   A  0.274863 -1.327977 -1.095238 -0.338421
          B -0.079051 -1.320253  0.699535 -0.538846
          C  0.377300 -0.832506  1.120915 -0.843645
    three A -0.128534            0.433512
          B            0.835120            0.588783
          C -0.037012           -1.115381
    two   A           -1.154627            0.158248
          B -0.594487            1.179433
          C            1.188862            1.000985

Note that `pivot_table` is also available as an instance method on DataFrame.

### Cross tabulations

Use the `crosstab` function to compute a cross-tabulation of two (or more) factors. By default `crosstab` computes a frequency table of the factors unless an array of values and an aggregation function are passed.

It takes a number of arguments

- `rows`: array-like, values to group by in the rows
- `cols`: array-like, values to group by in the columns
- `values`: array-like, optional, array of values to aggregate according to the factors
- `aggfunc`: function, optional, If no values array is passed, computes a frequency table
- `rownames`: sequence, default None, must match number of row arrays passed
- `colnames`: sequence, default None, if passed, must match number of column arrays passed
- `margins`: boolean, default False, Add row/column margins (subtotals)

Any Series passed will have their name attributes used unless row or column names for the cross-tabulation are specified

For example:

    In [48]: foo, bar, dull, shiny, one, two = 'foo', 'bar', 'dull', 'shiny', 'one', 'two'

    In [49]: a = np.array([foo, foo, bar, bar, foo, foo], dtype=object)

    In [50]: b = np.array([one, one, two, one, two, one], dtype=object)

    In [51]: c = np.array([dull, dull, shiny, dull, dull, shiny], dtype=object)

    In [52]: crosstab(a, [b, c], rownames=['a'], colnames=['b', 'c'])
    Out[52]:
    b     one          two
    c    dull  shiny  dull  shiny
    a
    bar     1      0     0      1
    foo     2      1     1      0

    [2 rows x 4 columns]

### Adding margins (partial aggregates)

If you pass `margins=True` to `pivot_table`, special `All` columns and rows will be added with partial group aggregates across the categories on the rows and columns:

    In [53]: df.pivot_table(rows=['A', 'B'], cols='C', margins=True, aggfunc=np.std)
    Out[53]:
                    D                             E
    C             bar       foo       All       bar       foo       All
    A     B
    one   A  0.968543  0.153810  1.084870  0.199447  0.690376  0.602542
          B  0.917338  0.132127  0.894343  0.418926  0.273641  0.771139
          C  0.705136  1.660627  1.254131  1.804346  0.744165  1.598848
    three A  1.630183       NaN  1.630183  0.363548       NaN  0.363548
          B       NaN  0.197065  0.197065       NaN  3.915454  3.915454
          C  0.824435       NaN  0.824435  0.887815       NaN  0.887815
    two   A       NaN  1.494463  1.494463       NaN  0.202765  0.202765
          B  0.729521       NaN  0.729521  0.400594       NaN  0.400594
          C       NaN  0.592638  0.592638       NaN  0.442998  0.442998
    All      0.816058  1.294620  1.055572  1.190502  1.403041  1.249705

    [10 rows x 6 columns]

## Tiling

The `cut` function computes groupings for the values of the input array and is often used to transform continuous variables to discrete or categorical variables:

    In [54]: ages = np.array([10, 15, 13, 12, 23, 25, 28, 59, 60])

    In [55]: cut(ages, bins=3)
    Out[55]:
       (9.95, 26.667]
       (9.95, 26.667]
       (9.95, 26.667]
       (9.95, 26.667]
       (9.95, 26.667]
       (9.95, 26.667]
     (26.667, 43.333]
         (43.333, 60]
         (43.333, 60]
    Levels (3): Index(['(9.95, 26.667]', '(26.667, 43.333]', '(43.333, 60]'], dtype=object)

If the `bins` keyword is an integer, then equal-width bins are formed. Alternatively we can specify custom bin-edges:

    In [56]: cut(ages, bins=[0, 18, 35, 70])
    Out[56]:
      (0, 18]
      (0, 18]
      (0, 18]
      (0, 18]
     (18, 35]
     (18, 35]
     (18, 35]
     (35, 70]
     (35, 70]
    Levels (3): Index(['(0, 18]', '(18, 35]', '(35, 70]'], dtype=object)

## Computing indicator / dummy variables

To convert a categorical variable into a “dummy” or “indicator” DataFrame, for example a column in a DataFrame (a Series) which has `k` distinct values, can derive a DataFrame containing `k` columns of 1s and 0s:

    In [57]: df = DataFrame({'key': list('bbacab'), 'data1': range(6)})

    In [58]: get_dummies(df['key'])
    Out[58]:
       a  b  c
    0  0  1  0
    1  0  1  0
    2  1  0  0
    3  0  0  1
    4  1  0  0
    5  0  1  0

    [6 rows x 3 columns]

Sometimes it’s useful to prefix the column names, for example when merging the result with the original DataFrame:

    In [59]: dummies = get_dummies(df['key'], prefix='key')

    In [60]: dummies
    Out[60]:
       key_a  key_b  key_c
    0      0      1      0
    1      0      1      0
    2      1      0      0
    3      0      0      1
    4      1      0      0
    5      0      1      0

    [6 rows x 3 columns]

    In [61]: df[['data1']].join(dummies)
    Out[61]:
       data1  key_a  key_b  key_c
    0      0      0      1      0
    1      1      0      1      0
    2      2      1      0      0
    3      3      0      0      1
    4      4      1      0      0
    5      5      0      1      0

    [6 rows x 4 columns]

This function is often used along with discretization functions like `cut`:

    In [62]: values = randn(10)

    In [63]: values
    Out[63]:
    array([-0.0822, -2.1829,  0.3804,  0.0848,  0.4324,  1.52  , -0.4937,
            0.6002,  0.2742,  0.1329])

    In [64]: bins = [0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1]

    In [65]: get_dummies(cut(values, bins))
    Out[65]:
       (0, 0.2]  (0.2, 0.4]  (0.4, 0.6]  (0.6, 0.8]
    0         0           0           0           0
    1         0           0           0           0
    2         0           1           0           0
    3         1           0           0           0
    4         0           0           1           0
    5         0           0           0           0
    6         0           0           0           0
    7         0           0           0           1
    8         0           1           0           0
    9         1           0           0           0

    [10 rows x 4 columns]

See also `get_dummies()`.

## Factorizing values

To encode 1-d values as an enumerated type use `factorize`:

    In [66]: x = pd.Series(['A', 'A', np.nan, 'B', 3.14, np.inf])

    In [67]: x
    Out[67]:
    0       A
    1       A
    2     NaN
    3       B
    4    3.14
    5     inf
    dtype: object

    In [68]: labels, uniques = pd.factorize(x)

    In [69]: labels
    Out[69]: array([ 0,  0, -1,  1,  2,  3])

    In [70]: uniques
    Out[70]: array(['A', 'B', 3.14, inf], dtype=object)

Note that `factorize` is similar to `numpy.unique`, but differs in its handling of NaN:

    In [71]: pd.factorize(x, sort=True)
    Out[71]: (array([ 2,  2, -1,  3,  0,  1]), array([3.14, inf, 'A', 'B'], dtype=object))

    In [72]: np.unique(x, return_inverse=True)[::-1]
    Out[72]: (array([3, 3, 0, 4, 1, 2]), array([nan, 3.14, inf, 'A', 'B'], dtype=object))

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