35.2. msvcrt — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime

These functions provide access to some useful capabilities on Windows platforms. Some higher-level modules use these functions to build the Windows implementations of their services. For example, the getpass module uses this in the implementation of the getpass() function.

Further documentation on these functions can be found in the Platform API documentation.

The module implements both the normal and wide char variants of the console I/O api. The normal API deals only with ASCII characters and is of limited use for internationalized applications. The wide char API should be used where ever possible.

35.2.1. File Operations

msvcrt.locking(fd, mode, nbytes)

Lock part of a file based on file descriptor fd from the C runtime. Raises IOError on failure. The locked region of the file extends from the current file position for nbytes bytes, and may continue beyond the end of the file. mode must be one of the LK_* constants listed below. Multiple regions in a file may be locked at the same time, but may not overlap. Adjacent regions are not merged; they must be unlocked individually.

msvcrt.LK_LOCK
msvcrt.LK_RLCK

Locks the specified bytes. If the bytes cannot be locked, the program immediately tries again after 1 second. If, after 10 attempts, the bytes cannot be locked, IOError is raised.

msvcrt.LK_NBLCK
msvcrt.LK_NBRLCK

Locks the specified bytes. If the bytes cannot be locked, IOError is raised.

msvcrt.LK_UNLCK

Unlocks the specified bytes, which must have been previously locked.

msvcrt.setmode(fd, flags)

Set the line-end translation mode for the file descriptor fd. To set it to text mode, flags should be os.O_TEXT; for binary, it should be os.O_BINARY.

msvcrt.open_osfhandle(handle, flags)

Create a C runtime file descriptor from the file handle handle. The flags parameter should be a bitwise OR of os.O_APPEND, os.O_RDONLY, and os.O_TEXT. The returned file descriptor may be used as a parameter to os.fdopen() to create a file object.

msvcrt.get_osfhandle(fd)

Return the file handle for the file descriptor fd. Raises IOError if fd is not recognized.

35.2.2. Console I/O

msvcrt.kbhit()

Return true if a keypress is waiting to be read.

msvcrt.getch()

Read a keypress and return the resulting character. Nothing is echoed to the console. This call will block if a keypress is not already available, but will not wait for Enter to be pressed. If the pressed key was a special function key, this will return '\000' or '\xe0'; the next call will return the keycode. The Control-C keypress cannot be read with this function.

msvcrt.getwch()

Wide char variant of getch(), returning a Unicode value.

New in version 2.6.

msvcrt.getche()

Similar to getch(), but the keypress will be echoed if it represents a printable character.

msvcrt.getwche()

Wide char variant of getche(), returning a Unicode value.

New in version 2.6.

msvcrt.putch(char)

Print the character char to the console without buffering.

msvcrt.putwch(unicode_char)

Wide char variant of putch(), accepting a Unicode value.

New in version 2.6.

msvcrt.ungetch(char)

Cause the character char to be “pushed back” into the console buffer; it will be the next character read by getch() or getche().

msvcrt.ungetwch(unicode_char)

Wide char variant of ungetch(), accepting a Unicode value.

New in version 2.6.

35.2.3. Other Functions

msvcrt.heapmin()

Force the malloc() heap to clean itself up and return unused blocks to the operating system. On failure, this raises IOError.