All iterators for stored collections implement the ListIterator interface as well as the Iterator interface. ListIterator.hasPrevious() and ListIterator.previous() work for all access methods.

ListIterator.add() throws UnsupportedOperationException if duplicates are not allowed.

ListIterator.add() inserts a duplicate in sorted order if sorted duplicates are configured.

ListIterator.set() throws UnsupportedOperationException if sorted duplicates are configured, since updating with sorted duplicates would change the iterator position.

ListIterator.nextIndex() and ListIterator.previousIndex() always throw UnsupportedOperationException.

Map.Entry.setValue() throws UnsupportedOperationException if duplicates are sorted.

When duplicates are allowed the Collection interfaces are modified in several ways as described in the next section.

Map.entrySet() may contain multiple Map.Entry objects with the same key.

Map.keySet() always contains unique keys, it does not contain duplicates.

Map.values() contains all values including the values associated with duplicate keys.

Map.put() appends a duplicate if the key already exists rather than replacing the existing value, and always returns null.

Map.remove() removes all duplicates for the specified key.

Map.get() returns the first duplicate for the specified key.

StoredMap.duplicates(Object) is an additional method for returning the values for a given key as a Collection.

All iterators for stored collections must be explicitly closed with StoredIterator.close(). The static method StoredIterator.close(java.util.Iterator) allows calling close for all iterators without harm to iterators that are not from stored collections, and also avoids casting. If a stored iterator is not closed, unpredictable behavior including process death may result.

Collection.size() and Map.size() always throws UnsupportedOperationException. This is because the number of records in a database cannot be determined reliably or cheaply.

Because the size() method cannot be used, the bulk operation methods of standard Java collections cannot be passed stored collections as parameters, since the implementations rely on size(). However, the bulk operation methods of stored collections can be passed standard Java collections as parameters. storedCollection.addAll(standardCollection) is allowed while standardCollection.addAll(storedCollection) is not allowed. This restriction applies to the standard collection constructors that take a Collection parameter (copy constructors), the Map.putAll() method, and the following Collection methods: addAll(), containsAll(), removeAll() and retainAll().

Comparator objects cannot be used and the SortedMap.comparator() and SortedSet.comparator() methods always return null. The Comparable interface is not supported. However, Comparators that operate on byte arrays may be specified using DatabaseConfig.setBtreeComparator.

The Object.equals() method is not used to determine whether a key or value is contained in a collection, to locate a value by key, etc. Instead the byte array representation of the keys and values are used. However, the equals() method is called for each key and value when comparing two collections for equality. It is the responsibility of the application to make sure that the equals() method returns true if and only if the byte array representations of the two objects are equal. Normally this occurs naturally since the byte array representation is derived from the object's fields.

All stored collections are thread safe (can be used by multiple threads concurrently) Locking is handled by the Berkeley DB environment. To access a collection from multiple threads, creation of synchronized collections using the Collections class is not necessary. Iterators, however, should always be used only by a single thread.

All stored collections may be read-only if desired by passing false for the writeAllowed parameter of their constructor. Creation of immutable collections using the Collections class is not necessary.

A stored collection is partially read-only if a secondary index is used. Specifically, values may be removed but may not be added or updated. The following methods will throw UnsupportedOperationException when an index is used: Collection.add(), ListIterator.set() and Map.Entry.setValue().

SortedMap.entrySet() and SortedMap.keySet() return a SortedSet, not just a Set as specified in Java collections interface. This allows using the SortedSet methods on the returned collection.

SortedMap.values() returns a SortedSet, not just a Collection, whenever the keys of the map can be derived from the values using an entity binding. Note that the sorted set returned is not really a set if duplicates are allowed, since it is technically a collection; however, the SortedSet methods (for example, subSet()), can still be used.

For SortedSet and SortedMap views, additional subSet() and subMap() methods are provided that allow control over whether keys are treated as inclusive or exclusive values in the key range.

Keys and values are stored by value, not by reference. This is because objects that are added to collections are converted to byte arrays (by bindings) and stored in the database. When they are retrieved from the collection they are read from the database and converted from byte arrays to objects. Therefore, the object reference added to a collection will not be the same as the reference later retrieved from the collection.

A runtime exception, RuntimeExceptionWrapper, is thrown whenever database exceptions occur which are not runtime exceptions. The RuntimeExceptionWrapper.getCause() method can be called to get the underlying exception.

All iterators for stored collections implement the ListIterator interface as well as the Iterator interface. This is to allow use of the ListIterator.hasPrevious() and ListIterator.previous() methods, which work for all collections since Berkeley DB provides bidirectional cursors.

All stored collections have a StoredCollection.iterator(boolean) method that allows creating a read-only iterator for a writable collection. For the standard Collection.iterator() method, the iterator is read-only only when the collection is read-only.

Iterator stability for stored collections is greater than the iterator stability defined by the Java collections interfaces. Stored iterator stability is the same as the cursor stability defined by Berkeley DB.

When an entity binding is used, updating (setting) a value is not allowed if the key in the entity is not equal to the original key. For example, calling Map.put() is not allowed when the key parameter is not equal to the key of the entity parameter. Map.put(), ListIterator.set(), and Map.Entry.setValue() will throw IllegalArgumentException in this situation.

The StoredMap.append(java.lang.Object) extension method allows adding a new record with an automatically assigned key. An application-defined PrimaryKeyAssigner is used to assign the key value.

A new API not based on the Java Collections API could have been designed that maps well to JE but is higher-level. However, this would require designing an entirely new model. The exceptions for using the Java Collections API are considered easier to learn than a whole new model. A new model would also require a long design stabilization period before being as complete and understandable as either the Java Collections API or the JE API.

The ODMG API or another object persistence API could have been implemented on top of JE. However, an object persistence implementation would add much code and require a long stabilization period. And while it may work well for applications that require object persistence, it would probably never perform well enough for many other applications.