Select an object of the scene;

Go to the Material or Light part of the interface, depending on what you are defining, and press the Get Selected button. This way Yable retrieves the settings for the object (if any);

Edit the attributes. These are completely independent from those of Blender!

Press the Assign button to assign the parameters you entered to the object. Don't forget this step! A button Assign All can be used to assign the data to all selected objects.

Texture path (Figure 29.3, “Yable headerGeneral Setting Buttons.”#5) - The path of the texture can be redefined anytime.

Global Illumination (Figure 29.3, “Yable headerGeneral Setting Buttons.”#6) - Adds to the scene the global illumination, that is the simulation of the diffused light, originated in nature as an effect of the infinite mutual reflections and diffusions between the objects. Its effect is added to that any possible direct lights.

Path light and Hemi light are finalized to yield of the same effect, but using different algorithms that have advantages and disadvantages, for the description of which we send back to the specific YafRay Chapter.

Figure 29.4. Yable Global Illumination settings.

Figure 29.4, “Yable Global Illumination settings.” shows the various options for Hemi or Path light. In the former case we can set up the colour using the Red, Green and Blue NumButton, or take the color from the background with the button Use Background color. It is possible to use this last feature when we use backgrounds based on images, even if the Use Background Button disappears by setting all the three RGB slider to 0.

In the Path Light case, on the other hand, the background image is used by default. Another difference between hemi and path light is the Depth parameter, that is referred to the number of bounces to be considered in the calculation of the exchange of reflections between the objects. To get a minimum of radiosity effect it is necessary to have at least two light interchanges.

Since the Path Light computation is rather complex a Cache option is provided, allowing to optimize and diminish the rendering times. It basically acts as a pre-process used to determine the zones of the image that need more samplings; as an example on a great flat surface we can presume that the diffuse lighting is quite uniform, and therefore we can carry out less calculations.

Parameters shared by both the global lights are the Power, the QMC, and the Samples. The Power indicates the power of the luminous emission, while the Samples indicates the accuracy of the sampling during the rendering: high values improve the clearness of the light (the hemi light have the tendency to become grainy) but this increase vary much the times required for calculation. QMC refers to the use of the Quasi MonteCarlo method for the determination of the zones to compute: it is based on sequences of quasi random numbers, and accelerates the rendering, even if, sometimes, it generate granular pattern of the image.

Background (Figure 29.3, “Yable headerGeneral Setting Buttons.”#7) - There are four options. Depending on the choice made some additional buttons appear, almost all are of immediate understanding (Figure 29.5, “Background settings.”).

Figure 29.5. Background settings.

The Const BkGd, is the easier to use (Figure 29.5, “Background settings.” top left): it is an homogenous colour defined by its RGB values.

The Normal BkGd (Figure 29.5, “Background settings.” bottom right) allows us to use an image (the last version of YafRay supports JPG and TGA); the only parameter is the Power, that indicates the brilliance of the image.

The HDRI BkGd (Figure 29.5, “Background settings.” bottom left) is, perhaps, the one allowing for the maximum realism. The HDR (High Dynamic Range) Images, by storing pixel colours as floating point numbers contain much more data than other formats. Moreover, they are usually available as probes, that is as full 360 horizontal, 180 vertical backgrounds. After the we have obtained the appropriate images, is necessary to put them in the same folder as the textures, to write the name in the Probe Name button, and to set up the exposure that we want to use (positive means brighter).

Finally the SunSky BkGd (Figure 29.5, “Background settings.” top right) uses a sophisticated algorithm for the simulation of the conditions of Sun light. The position of the sun can be set by selecting an object in the Blender scene (usually an empty) and pressing the Set Sun Pos button and confirming. It is important to note that the dimension of the sun will depend also from the distance between the chosen object and the camera. A particularly important parameter for the construction of the scene is Turbid, that allows us to regulate the value of the density of the atmospheric layers that envelop the planet: dense layers let to go through only determined wavelengths of the solar light, hence it changes both the color and the power of the light. The other buttons control the halo and the spread of the beams. The SunSky background, if used with Path Light or Hemi Light, is able to emit light in extremely realistic ways. In the case in which we don't want to use Global Illumination we can press the Sun button and Yable will add a Sun type light in the exported scene, that will simulate, more roughly but faster, the effect of the solar light.

Fog (Figure 29.3, “Yable headerGeneral Setting Buttons.”#8) - With the Fog slider we choose the amount of fog present in the scene (zero by default), while the color is chosen by selecting one of the three Red, Green and Blue button and by using the single Num Button below them (Figure 29.6, “Fog Settings.”).

Figure 29.6. Fog Settings.

Depth of field (Figure 29.3, “Yable headerGeneral Setting Buttons.”#9) - This is required to mimic a real camera's focal blur. This is a feature that YafRay will render in much shorter times than other rendering engines, as it is performed as a post-processing operation - however, this means that it has some shortcomings in the precise accounting of reflections.

The regulation is made by selecting an object whichever in the scene of Blender and pressing the button Set Focus (Figure 29.7, “Depth of Field Settings.”). The point chosen in this way will be perfectly sharp. With the others two Num Buttons we can regulate the amplitude of the field depth: Near Blur influences on how much will the objects that are between the camera and the point of focus be blurred, while Far Blur affects the objects further than the focus from the camera.

Figure 29.7. Depth of Field Settings.

Anti-noise Filter (Figure 29.3, “Yable headerGeneral Setting Buttons.”#10) - This too is a filter applied as post processing. It works in an iterative manner by taking some points within of a circular area and assign the same color if their colours differ more than a given threshold.

Figure 29.8. Anti Noise Filter Settings.

The amplitude of the circular area is determined by the Radius parameter (Figure 29.8, “Anti Noise Filter Settings.”), while the threshold is given by Max Delta. This is a very useful filter, but to use with care, because it has also a blurring effect that might compromise the quality of the result. Higher values of the delta tend to unify all.

Gamma correction, exposure, resolution (Figure 29.3, “Yable headerGeneral Setting Buttons.”#11) - A simple group of buttons that allows you to set the brightness and the gamma of the complete rendering. The No Buttons exclude completely both post-processes. The Default Button that bring back the expos Num Button to the default value. The Gamma Num Button allows the regulation of the gamma (Figure 29.9, “Resolution Settings.”).

Figure 29.9. Resolution Settings.

The resolution Menu Button allows you to choose the dimension of the rendered image. Pressing it, we can choose between the most common formats:320x240, 480x320, 640x480, 640x512, 768x470, 1024x576, 1024x768 and 1280x960. Choosing the Custom option, two new buttons are visualized, that allow to set up any resolution.

Rendering setting (Figure 29.3, “Yable headerGeneral Setting Buttons.”#12) - This group of buttons allows you to set details of the exported file and let to launch YafRay directly from Blender (Figure 29.10, “Rendering Settings.”).

Figure 29.10. Rendering Settings.

The fundamental keys are Export, Render, Filename and Image. The last two are needed in order to choose the name that will have the XML file and the rendered image. Export produces only, within the YABLEROOT directory all the necessary XML files while, if used with Render, will also execute YafRay and will produce the final image; finally, if the button View Output is also selected, at the end of the rendering Yable will launch also the application specified in VIEWERAPP, in order to see the result. Note that you must have YafRay in your path to be able to launch it within Blender.

The Layers button open a new panel for the choice of the layer to export (Figure 29.11, “Layer Selection.”).

Figure 29.11. Layer Selection.

The Path button forces the description of the scene to be exported using separate files (one main file, and sub-files to be saved in suitable folders, subdivided by materials and meshes). The location of such files will be indicated to YafRay by with the use of a full path.

To the contrary, the !INC Button will force Yable to produce a "monolithic" file. If at the moment of the export neither Path or !INC are used, Yable will use automatically the Path option.

The Anim Button forces a different XML file to be exported for each frame of the Blender scene. Once the frames are rendered you can compose them into an animation by using Blender's Sequence Editor. The Anim button implies that the Fr (frame) button is also pressed, which appends to the chosen name for XML and images files a number suffix that indicates the rendered frame. All the XMLs are saved in a separate subdirectory named as the blender file with the _MOVIE suffix.

The last three buttons are GZ, Time, and alphaTGA: the first enable the creation of gzipped files, the second let the time employed for the rendering appear on the YafRay console and the third modifies the XML so that YafRay saves TGA images with the alpha channel.

Antialiasing setting (Figure 29.3, “Yable headerGeneral Setting Buttons.”#13) - AAP Num Button indicates the number of passes of antialiasing; putting it equal to zero indicates no antialias. AAMS adjust the number of samplings to use for every AA pass. AAPW adjust the pixel width parameter, that is the overlap of pixels; the range vary between 0 and 2, and using high values, we can obtains a better smoothness, even if sometimes too much accentuate. AAT establishes the value of threshold (AA_threshold) beyond which the pixel will be processed from the antialiasing: the value can vary between 0 (all points will be processed) and 1 (no pixel are processed). CPU indicates, if multiple CPU are present, how many should be used for rendering.

Shader Type (Figure 29.12, “Material Buttons.”#14) - This button allows you to choose the Type of Material Shader to apply.

The Constant shader is the simplest, characterized only from the Red, Green and Blu Num Buttons. Crafter is a distinct case: it is an interface used to loading the Crafter shader, that is a stand alone program for the visual composition of materials. Generic is the more versatile material, and includes also the characteristics of the others, hence we will describe it deeply, using it like a paradigm for the general understanding.

Object Attributes (Figure 29.12, “Material Buttons.”#14) - Pressing this button some new buttons appear (Figure 29.12, “Material Buttons.” on the right). They are very important characteristics, which are linked to the Object and not to the Material itself. The Cast Shadow toggles if the object projects shadows or not. The Caustic IOR button enables the calculation of the caustics for the light beams that will pass through the object; these will be deflected according to the value of the refractive index indicated from CausIOR NumButton. High IOR values produce more sharp caustics (think, as an idea, to the lens that concentrates the solar beams in a point). The Receive Radio and the Emit Radio buttons, if pressed, will force the object to participate to the calculation of the global illumination, receiving and re-emitting energy. The Caustic Tcolor Num Buttons allows you to specify the transmitted colour, that is the colour assumed from the light passing through the Object. The Caustic Rcolor Num Buttons, on the other hand, refers to the light reflected by the Object.

Diffuse Colour (Figure 29.12, “Material Buttons.”#16) - Is the basic color, and corresponds to the Diffuse Colour in Blender materials. The Bl button on the side is used take RGB values directly from the Blender Material. Pressing the button Add Specular Color new buttons appear similar to those just seen, used to set the specular color. Also in this case the meaning of this Colour is the same to that of Blender.

Reflection and Transmission Colours (Figure 29.12, “Material Buttons.”#17 and #18) - It is possible to set the Reflected and Transparency colours of the material. Note that also the transparency is set using the RGB Num Buttons to define a Colour, not just a plain "alpha" value.

The Transmit parameter does not decide the degree of transparency, but only which color of the light pass through (or is blocked by) the material. To make some example, using the black colour we impose that no color passes through the material, using the red one, we would mean that the object is transparent only for the red component of the light, using the white we let all the light to pass. Pressing also the buttons Refl2 and Transm2 which appears we can (and new RGB Num Buttons are created) define a different behaviour of the material at grazing light incidence.

Hardness, Index of Refraction (Figure 29.12, “Material Buttons.”#19) - The hard parameter governs the sharpness of specular highlights exactly as in Blender. The refractive index IOR is fundamental in transparent objects, and is used in order to calculate the deviation of the light beams that crosses the material. As a result of this effect, the bodies immersed in a transparent medium appears to us distorted (think to a paddle immersed in the limpid water). Table 29.1, “Sample IORs” shows some IORs of common materials:

Get Selected (Figure 29.12, “Material Buttons.”#20) - The Get Selected, to be pressed every time after you have selected the object and before starting to modify the material.

Get Selected, Loading and saving the materials (Figure 29.12, “Material Buttons.”#21) - The Load Material and Save Material buttons allows you to save material settings and to quickly call them back. A name can be given to each material.

Preview of the material, autosmooth and modulators (Figure 29.12, “Material Buttons.”#22) - The AutoSmooth Button is used to regulate the appearance of the surfaces. Pressing it an additional Num Button appears that regulated the angle under which the corner of the two faces is considered smooth, exactly as in Blender.

The Mat preview Button creates a preview of the material using a sample scene. The tga is saved in the current directory (for example, under Windows, it is saved in the folder in which the Blender executable resides.) The button phlightprv indicate "Photon Light Preview" and it is used to put a photonic light during the materials preview.

The Modulators Button allows you to access a separate panel for the composition of advanced shaders formed by overlying layers. Every layer can be an image or a procedural texture. Obviously is possible to set the modality with which the layers must be mixed and also the percentage of transparency.

The panel at the beginning refers to the default modulators, that is used automatically if the Object has UV coordinates and is mapped with an image in Blender. Unfortunately, because of a bug, these formulations are not maintained by Yable, that continues to use the default settings. However all the successive layers of modulators that are added work correctly. In order to add a new component is sufficient to click on the Others button, and to choose the kind of modulator that we want. In Figure 29.13, “Material Modulators.” we see (starting from the top left, clockwise) the main panel, the panel adding new members, the menu Others, before and after the addiction of a new member:

Figure 29.13. Material Modulators.

It is possible to add an Image layer, a Clouds layer and a Marble one. The first thing is to assign a name at the modulator created, to do this it will be sufficient to write something of meaningful in place of GIVE_ME_A_NAME.

If the Modulator is an image it is necessary to insert the name of the image itself: only the name and extension, without path, which has been defined once for all before!

The parameters refer, by default, to bump mapping, that is to the relief effect that will be given to the object: using positive values rises clearer zones and lowers darker. The various size refer to the scaling of the UV coordinates (the three X, Y, Z axis may be scaled independently, or all together) while the various buttons Col, Spec, Ref, Hard and Trans have the usual meanings and indicates which characteristic, and by how much, is modified. At the end of the settings, press the Ok! button, to return to the main Material panel. At the end of the procedure the new added modulator will be in the Menu and can be selected and cancelled anytime, using the button Del that appear next to the Ok! Canc and Back buttons.

Clouds and Marble Modulators insertion is similar to that for the Images, except that these panels have few additional, self explanatory, specific parameters for these two types of procedural texture.

Assign (Figure 29.12, “Material Buttons.”#23) - The Assign button finalizes the material and assigns it to the object. Don't forget this! The button Selected All allows you to assign the settings to more than one selected objects.

Light Types (Figure 29.12, “Material Buttons.”#24) - The menu lets us choose between various types of direct light: Point Light, Spot Ligth, Soft light, Area Light and Photon Light . Accordingly to the light type the options immediately beneath varies. Figure 29.15, “Direct Light Options.” shows them all.

Figure 29.15. Direct Light Options.

The Point light is a point source that emits light in all the directions. The power of the lamp is chosen with the Power Num Button, while its colour is set via RGB Num Buttons and is possible to choose if it must project or not a shadow with the Cast Shadow Button.

The Spot light is very similar to the Blender spot: the parameters Blend and Falloff have the same meaning, while Width represents the angular width of the light cone.

Halo indicates the presence of the halo (volumetric light), by pressing it we add some new buttons: three Num Buttons for the Halo colour, Res = resolution of the shadow map, Density = quantity of fog contained in the halo, Blur = blur applied to shadow map, Samples = number of samplings used in the rendering.

The direction of the Spot is given via a target. We must press the Select Target button, select an Object to be the target of the spot in the Blender scene and finally press the Confirm Button to complete the operation.

Both the Point and the Spot light decreases following the physical law of the inverse square of the distance.

The Soft light is similar to the Pointlight, with the difference that it produces soft shadows. Shadows which appear to be too "clean" are one of the disadvantages of the raytrace engines, but this type of light, using a shadow map, safely resolves the problem. Besides the usual parameters, the Radius parameter, defines the width of the transition between shadow and light. The Bias parameter controls the proximity of the shadow to the object that produces it, while the Resol parameter controls the resolution of the shadow map: the higher is this parameter the better is the accuracy of the shadow.

The Sun light simulates the characteristic of the solar light, it seems not to decay with increasing of the distance (it is an impression due to the enormous power of the Sun). It is, therefore, a much simple light, in which we can only set up the color, and whose intensity remains constant.

The Area light is an extended luminous source. While all those already seen emit light from a point (in reality it corresponds, as an example, to the small filament of a light bulb), the area light is produced from a whole surface. YafRay admit also quadrilateral surfaces but Yable is limited to use only squares. The specific parameters are Samples, Psamples and Side, they are the number of general samplings, the number of samplings in the penumbra zone, and the length of the side of the light casting square.

Photon Lights (Diffuse and Caustic) (Figure 29.12, “Material Buttons.”#25 and #26) - Photonlight is a very peculiar kind of lamp: it behave in a more realistic way, referring itself to the theory of the light composed by a bundle of photons. These photons must literally be "shoot" towards the Objects, so as to calculate their behaviour when they travel through transparent bodies or are diffused by opaque ones. It is a very complex calculation, for which is not always desirable that it will be executed on all the elements of the scene; therefore we can specify it on a material to material and object by object basys via the parameters Receive and Emit.

Diffuse light: Enabling this button a Photon Light of Diffuse type will be add to the exported scene, overlapping the corresponding Direct light. The photons of this light have the capability to be reflected on diffusive surfaces. In this way calculations of the radiosity 'colour leakage' will be added in the rendering, to realize a realistic effect of Global Illumination. This can be done also via Path Light, but a carefully tuned Photon Light is much faster.

Caustic light: Caustic are concentrations of light caused from the refraction of the transparent objects. The Photon Light of Caustic type allows you to account for this phenomenon correctly. Before going ahead, it is necessary to say that if targeted to objects with inadequate material, this light does not generate any effect. In fact the scene, to have caustics, must contain a source light A, an opaque object C receiving the caustics and a transparent object B placed between these two generating the caustics (Figure 29.16, “Caustics setup.”).

Figure 29.16. Caustics setup.

The Photon Light of Caustic and Diffuse type have the same parameters. The arrows button is used to impose the same value to more than one variables (for example the same color ).

The Photons button set the number of photons that will be shot from the lamp, in common scene a few thousands of photons is enough but, to obtain a better results in terms of quality is recommended to set 50000 photons or more. The Depth button defines the number of bounces/transmissions the photons can do before YafRay ray tracing stops to handle it, and it is a particularly important data, mostly in the calculation of the Global illumination. 3 is a good value for acceptable results. Search indicates the numbers of photons that can be used to illuminate a single point of the Object surface, higher values is used to take in consideration also zones that receive few photons, with a shaded effect of illumination, while low value is used to give light only to the points really hit by photons completely, with more definite and "hard" boundaries. Angle is the angle of the projection cone with which the photon are shot: high values are used to cover a wide area, but with power fading when we depart from the center. Fixed is the abbreviation of fixedradius, and represent the radius in which the number of photons defined by Search must fall in order to consider the point of the surface illuminated. cluster is the smallest portion of lit surface able to contain a photon. The higher is this number the larger is the width of the cluster and, consequently, the less defined is the illumination effect. QMC is, again, the quasi-MonteCarlo method.