Abstract
This document explains what a Debian repository is and how you can set up one.
Table of Contents
A Debian repository is a set of Debian packages organized in
a special directory tree which also contains a few additional
files containing indexes and checksums of the packages. If a
user adds a repository to his
/etc/apt/sources.list file, he can easily
view and install all the packages available in it just like the
packages contained in Debian.
A repository can be both online and offline (for example on a CD-ROM), although the former is the more common case.
This document explains how Debian repositories work, how
to create them, and how to add them to the
sources.list correctly.
This document's master location is http://www.isotton.com/debian/docs/repository-howto/.
This document, Debian Repository HOWTO, is copyrighted (c) 2002-2003 by Aaron Isotton. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts.
Feedback is most certainly welcome for this document. Send
your additions, comments and criticisms to the following email
address: <[email protected]>.
The three Debian distributions: stable, testing and unstable.
The Packages.gz and
Sources.gz files.
A repository consists of at least one directory with some
DEB packages in it, and two special files:
Packages.gz for the binary packages, and
Sources.gz for the source packages.
If your repository is listed correctly in
sources.list (more on that later),
apt-get will fetch the
Packages.gz index if the binary packages
are listed (with the deb keyword) and
Sources.gz if the sources are listed (with
the deb-src keyword).
Packages.gz contains the name, version,
size, the short and the long description, and the dependencies
of each package, plus some additional information which is not
of interest for us. All that information is listed (and used
by) the Debian package managers such as
dselect or
aptitude.
Sources.gz contains the name, version
and the build dependencies (the packages needed to build) of
each package (plus some information which is not of interest for
us, too); that information is used by apt-get
source and similar tools.
There's an optional Release file
containing some informations about your repository; that is used
for Pinning, an interesting trick I won't
go into in this document. You can read more about pinning in
the APT
HOWTO.
Thus, once you have set up your repository, you can list and install all of your packages together with the ones in Debian; if you update a package, it'll be upgraded when the user runs apt-get update && apt-get upgrade; and every user will be able to easily see a short description and other important information about your packages.
But there's more to it. If created properly, repositories
can offer different packages for each supported distribution and
for each of the (currently eleven) supported architectures;
apt will automatically fetch the right one
for a user's machine, without him even having to know about all
the different architectures. It also allows you to group your
packages into components, just as Debian's packages are divided
into main, non-free and
contrib. So, especially if your software is
cross-platform, you'll love package repositories.
There are two types of repositories: more complex ones where the user has only to specify the base path to the repository, the distribution and the components he wants (apt will automatically fetch the ones for the right architecture, if available), and simpler ones where the user has to specify an exact path (and apt will do no magic to find out which packages are the right ones). The former are a bit more complex to set up, but easier to use, and should always be used for complex and/or cross platform repositories; the latter are simpler to set up, but should only be used for small or single-architecture repositories.
Although it is not really correct, I'll call the former Automatic Repositories and the latter Trivial Repositories.
The directory structure of an automatic repository with the standard Debian architectures and components looks like this:
Example 1. A Standard Debian Repository
(your repository root)
|
+-dists
|
|-stable
| |-main
| | |-binary-alpha
| | |-binary-arm
| | |-binary-...
| | +-source
| |-contrib
| | |-binary-alpha
| | |-binary-arm
| | |-binary-...
| | +-source
| +-non-free
| |-binary-alpha
| |-binary-arm
| |-binary-...
| +-source
|
|-testing
| |-main
| | |-binary-alpha
| | |-binary-arm
| | |-binary-...
| | +-source
| |-contrib
| | |-binary-alpha
| | |-binary-arm
| | |-binary-...
| | +-source
| +-non-free
| |-binary-alpha
| |-binary-arm
| |-binary-...
| +-source
|
+-unstable
|-main
| |-binary-alpha
| |-binary-arm
| |-binary-...
| +-source
|-contrib
| |-binary-alpha
| |-binary-arm
| |-binary-...
| +-source
+-non-free
|-binary-alpha
|-binary-arm
|-binary-...
+-sourceThe free packages go into main; the
non-free ones into non-free, and the free
ones which depend on non-free ones into
contrib. Debian currently supports 11
architectures; I've omitted most of them for the sake of
brevity.
Each binary-* directory contains a
Packages.gz and an optional
Release file; each
source directory contains a
Sources.gz and an optional
Release file. Notice that the
packages do not have to be in the same
directory as the index files, because the index files contain
paths to the individual packages; in fact, they could be
anywhere else in the repository. This
makes it possible to create pools.
You are free to create as many distributions and
components and to call them as you wish; the ones I used in
the example are just the ones used in Debian. You could, for
example, create the distributions current
and beta (instead of
stable, testing and
unstable), and the components
foo, bar,
baz and qux (instead of
main, contrib and
non-free).
While you are free to call the components as you want, it is generally a good idea to use the standard Debian distributions, because that's what Debian users expect.
Trivial repositories consist of one root directory and of
as many subdirectories as you wish. As the users have to
specify the path to the root of the repository and the
relative path between the root and the directory with the
index files in it, you are free to do whatever you want (even
to put everything into the root of the repository; then, the
relative path will be simply
“/”).
dpkg-scanpackages generates the
Packages file and
dpkg-scansources the
Sources file.
They both send their output to stdout; thus, to generate
compressed files, you can use a command chain like this one:
dpkg-scanpackages
arguments | gzip -9c >
Packages.gz.
The two tools work the same way; they both take two
arguments (in reality there are more, but I won't go into that
here; you can read the manpages if you want to know more); the
first the directory under which the packages are, and the
second is the override file. We don't
need override files for simple repositories, but as it is a
required argument, we simply pass
/dev/null.
dpkg-scanpackages scans the
.deb packages;
dpkg-scansources scans the
.dsc files. It is thus necessary to put
the .orig.gz,
.diff.gz and .dsc
files together. The .changes files are
not needed.
Thus, if you have a trivial repository such as the one from Example 2, “A Trivial Repository with Two Subdirectories”, you can create the two index files as follows:
$ cd my-repository $ dpkg-scanpackages binary /dev/null | gzip -9c > binary/Packages.gz $ dpkg-scansources source /dev/null | gzip -9c > source/Sources.gz
If you have a repository as complex as the one in Example 1, “A Standard Debian Repository”, you'll have to write some scripts to automate this process.
You could also use the
pathprefix argument of the two
tools to simplify the syntax a bit; I leave this as an
exercise for the reader. (It's documented in the
manpages).
If you want to enable the users of your repository to use
Pinning with your repository, you must
include a Release file in every directory
containing an index file. (You can read more about pinning in
the APT
HOWTO).
The Release files are simple and
short text files of the following form:
Archive:archiveComponent:componentOrigin:YourCompanyLabel:YourCompany Debian repositoryArchitecture:architecture
ArchiveThe name of the distribution of Debian the packages
in this directory belong to (or are designed for),
i.e. stable,
testing or
unstable.
ComponentThe component of the packages in the directory, for
example main,
non-free, or
contrib.
OriginThe name of who made the packages.
LabelSome label adequate for the packages or for your repository. Use your fantasy.
ArchitectureThe architecture of the packages in this directory,
such as i386,
sparc or
source.
It is important to get Archive and
Architecture right, as they're most used for
pinning. The others are less important.
With automatic repositories, distributing the packages in the different directories will quickly lead to an unmanageable beast. It is also a waste of space and bandwidth, as there are many packages (for example documentation packages) which are the same for all architectures.
In these cases, a possible solution is a pool. A pool is an additional directory under the repository root containing all packages (the binaries for all architectures, distributions, and components, and all the sources). Through a smart combination of override files (which are not covered in this document) and of scripts many problems can be avoided. A nice example of a pooled repository is the Debian repository itself.
Pools are only useful for big repositories; I've never made one and I don't think I'll need to in the near future, and that's why I don't explain how to make one here. If you think that such a section should be added, feel free to write one, and contact me.
There are various tools to automate and ease the creation of Debian archives; I've listed the most notable of them here.
apt-ftparchive is used to move a
collection of Debian package files into a proper archive
hierarchy as is used in the official Debian archive. It is
part of the apt-utils package.
apt-move is used to move a collection of Debian package files into a proper archive hierarchy as is used in the official Debian archive.
Using a repository is very simple, but it depends on what type of repository you have made: binary or source, and automatic or trivial.
Each repository gets one line in
sources.list; for a binary one, you use the
deb command, and for a source one a
deb-src command.
Each line has the following syntax:
deb|deb-srcuridistribution[component1] [component2] [...]
The uri is the URI of the root of the
repository, such as
ftp://ftp.yoursite.com/debian,
http://yoursite.com/debian, or, for local
files,
file::///home/joe/my-debian-repository. The
trailing slash is optional.
For automatic repositories, you must specify one distribution and one or more components; the distribution must not end in a slash.
Example 3. Two Automatic Repositories from my sources.list
deb ftp://sunsite.cnlab-switch.ch/mirror/debian/ unstable main contrib non-free deb-src ftp://sunsite.cnlab-switch.ch/mirror/debian/ unstable main contrib non-free
These two lines specify an automatic binary and source
repository with root
ftp://sunsite.cnlab-switch.ch/mirror/debian/,
the distribution unstable and the components
main, contrib and
non-free.
If the repository is not automatic, then the distribution specifies the relative path to the index files and must end with a slash, and no components may be specified.
Example 4. Two Trivial Repositories from my
sources.list
deb file:///home/aisotton/rep-exact binary/ deb-src file:///home/aisotton/rep-exact source/
The first of these two lines specifies a binary repository
in /home/aisotton/rep-exact/binary on my
local machine; the second specifies a source repository in
/home/aisotton/rep-exact/source.
The apt-ftparchive documentation.
The apt-get documentation, and the
documentation for apt.
The apt-move documentation.
http://www.apt-get.org/ for many examples of real-world repositories.
The APT HOWTO.
The dpkg-scanpackages documentation.
The dpkg-scansources documentation.
The sources.list(5) manpage.