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Classes | Functions
Polynomials module

Detailed Description

This module provides a QR based polynomial solver.

To use this module, add

* #include <unsupported/Eigen/Polynomials>
*

at the start of your source file.

Classes

class  PolynomialSolver< _Scalar, _Deg >
 A polynomial solver. More...
 
class  PolynomialSolverBase< _Scalar, _Deg >
 Defined to be inherited by polynomial solvers: it provides convenient methods such as. More...
 

Functions

template<typename Polynomial >
NumTraits< typename
Polynomial::Scalar >::Real 		cauchy_max_bound (const Polynomial &poly)
 
template<typename Polynomial >
NumTraits< typename
Polynomial::Scalar >::Real 		cauchy_min_bound (const Polynomial &poly)
 
template<typename Polynomials , typename T >
T poly_eval (const Polynomials &poly, const T &x)
 
template<typename Polynomials , typename T >
T poly_eval_horner (const Polynomials &poly, const T &x)
 
template<typename RootVector , typename Polynomial >
void roots_to_monicPolynomial (const RootVector &rv, Polynomial &poly)
 

Polynomials defines functions for dealing with polynomials

  and a QR based polynomial solver.


  The remainder of the page documents first the functions for evaluating, computing
  polynomials, computing estimates about polynomials and next the QR based polynomial
  solver.

convenient functions to deal with polynomials

roots_to_monicPolynomial

The function

void roots_to_monicPolynomial( const RootVector& rv, Polynomial& poly )

computes the coefficients $ a_i $ of

$ p(x) = a_0 + a_{1}x + ... + a_{n-1}x^{n-1} + x^n $ 

 where \form#39 is known through its roots i.e. \form#40.

poly_eval

The function

T poly_eval( const Polynomials& poly, const T& x )

evaluates a polynomial at a given point using stabilized Hörner method.

The following code: first computes the coefficients in the monomial basis of the monic polynomial that has the provided roots; then, it evaluates the computed polynomial, using a stabilized Hörner method.

#include <unsupported/Eigen/Polynomials>
#include <iostream>
using namespace Eigen;
using namespace std;
int main()
{
Vector4d roots = Vector4d::Random();
cout << "Roots: " << roots.transpose() << endl;
Eigen::Matrix<double,5,1> polynomial;
roots_to_monicPolynomial( roots, polynomial );
cout << "Polynomial: ";
for( int i=0; i<4; ++i ){ cout << polynomial[i] << ".x^" << i << "+ "; }
cout << polynomial[4] << ".x^4" << endl;
Vector4d evaluation;
for( int i=0; i<4; ++i ){
evaluation[i] = poly_eval( polynomial, roots[i] ); }
cout << "Evaluation of the polynomial at the roots: " << evaluation.transpose();
}

Output: 

Roots:  0.680375 -0.211234  0.566198   0.59688
Polynomial: -0.04857.x^0+ 0.00860842.x^1+ 0.739882.x^2+ -1.63222.x^3+ 1.x^4
Evaluation of the polynomial at the roots: -2.08167e-17            0            0  2.08167e-17

bounds

The function

Real cauchy_max_bound( const Polynomial& poly )

provides a maximum bound (the Cauchy one: $C(p)$) for the absolute value of a root of the given polynomial i.e. $ \forall r_i $ root of $ p(x) = \sum_{k=0}^d a_k x^k $, $ |r_i| \le C(p) = \sum_{k=0}^{d} \left | \frac{a_k}{a_d} \right | $ The leading coefficient $ p $: should be non zero $a_d \neq 0$.

  The function
Real cauchy_min_bound( const Polynomial& poly )

provides a minimum bound (the Cauchy one: $c(p)$) for the absolute value of a non zero root of the given polynomial i.e. $ \forall r_i \neq 0 $ root of $ p(x) = \sum_{k=0}^d a_k x^k $, $ |r_i| \ge c(p) = \left( \sum_{k=0}^{d} \left | \frac{a_k}{a_0} \right | \right)^{-1} $

polynomial solver class

Computes the complex roots of a polynomial by computing the eigenvalues of the associated companion matrix with the QR algorithm.

The roots of $ p(x) = a_0 + a_1 x + a_2 x^2 + a_{3} x^3 + x^4 $ are the eigenvalues of $ \left [ \begin{array}{cccc} 0 & 0 & 0 & a_0 \\ 1 & 0 & 0 & a_1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & a_2 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & a_3 \end{array} \right ] $ 

 However, the QR algorithm is not guaranteed to converge when there are several eigenvalues with same modulus.

 Therefore the current polynomial solver is guaranteed to provide a correct result only when the complex roots \form#51 have distinct moduli i.e.

$ \forall i,j \in [1;d],~ \| r_i \| \neq \| r_j \| $. 

 With 32bit (float) floating types this problem shows up frequently.

However, almost always, correct accuracy is reached even in these cases for 64bit (double) floating types and small polynomial degree (<20). 

  \include PolynomialSolver1.cpp

  In the above example:

  -# a simple use of the polynomial solver is shown;
  -# the accuracy problem with the QR algorithm is presented: a polynomial with almost conjugate roots is provided to the solver.
  Those roots have almost same module therefore the QR algorithm failed to converge: the accuracy
  of the last root is bad;
  -# a simple way to circumvent the problem is shown: use doubles instead of floats.

Output: 

Roots:  0.680375 -0.211234  0.566198   0.59688  0.823295
Complex roots: (-0.211234,0)  (0.566198,0)   (0.59688,0)  (0.680375,0)  (0.823295,0)
Real roots: -0.211234  0.566198   0.59688  0.680375  0.823295

Illustration of the convergence problem with the QR algorithm: 
---------------------------------------------------------------
Hard case polynomial defined by floats:   -0.957   0.9219   0.3516   0.9453  -0.4023  -0.5508 -0.03125
Complex roots:           (1.19707,0)           (0.70514,0)           (-1.9834,0)  (-0.396563,0.966801) (-0.396563,-0.966801)          (-16.7513,0)
Norms of the evaluations of the polynomial at the roots: 3.72694e-07 1.43051e-06 1.76896e-05 1.74676e-06 1.74676e-06   0.0823092

Using double's almost always solves the problem for small degrees: 
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Complex roots:           (1.19707,0)           (0.70514,0)           (-1.9834,0)  (-0.396564,0.966801) (-0.396564,-0.966801)          (-16.7513,0)
Norms of the evaluations of the polynomial at the roots: 3.78175e-07           0  2.0411e-06 2.48518e-07 2.48518e-07           0

The last root in float then in double: (-16.75127983,0)	(-16.75128099,0)
Norm of the difference: 1.907348633e-06

Function Documentation

NumTraits<typename Polynomial::Scalar>::Real Eigen::cauchy_max_bound ( const Polynomial &  poly)
inline
Returns
a maximum bound for the absolute value of any root of the polynomial.
Parameters
[in]poly: the vector of coefficients of the polynomial ordered by degrees i.e. poly[i] is the coefficient of degree i of the polynomial e.g. $ 1 + 3x^2 $ is stored as a vector $ [ 1, 0, 3 ] $.

Precondition: the leading coefficient of the input polynomial poly must be non zero

NumTraits<typename Polynomial::Scalar>::Real Eigen::cauchy_min_bound ( const Polynomial &  poly)
inline
Returns
a minimum bound for the absolute value of any non zero root of the polynomial.
Parameters
[in]poly: the vector of coefficients of the polynomial ordered by degrees i.e. poly[i] is the coefficient of degree i of the polynomial e.g. $ 1 + 3x^2 $ is stored as a vector $ [ 1, 0, 3 ] $.
T Eigen::poly_eval ( const Polynomials &  poly,
const T &  x 
)
inline
Returns
the evaluation of the polynomial at x using stabilized Horner algorithm.
Parameters
[in]poly: the vector of coefficients of the polynomial ordered by degrees i.e. poly[i] is the coefficient of degree i of the polynomial e.g. $ 1 + 3x^2 $ is stored as a vector $ [ 1, 0, 3 ] $.
[in]x: the value to evaluate the polynomial at.

References Eigen::poly_eval_horner().

T Eigen::poly_eval_horner ( const Polynomials &  poly,
const T &  x 
)
inline
Returns
the evaluation of the polynomial at x using Horner algorithm.
Parameters
[in]poly: the vector of coefficients of the polynomial ordered by degrees i.e. poly[i] is the coefficient of degree i of the polynomial e.g. $ 1 + 3x^2 $ is stored as a vector $ [ 1, 0, 3 ] $.
[in]x: the value to evaluate the polynomial at.

Note for stability: $ |x| \le 1 $

Referenced by Eigen::poly_eval().

void Eigen::roots_to_monicPolynomial ( const RootVector &  rv,
Polynomial &  poly 
)

Given the roots of a polynomial compute the coefficients in the monomial basis of the monic polynomial with same roots and minimal degree. If RootVector is a vector of complexes, Polynomial should also be a vector of complexes.

Parameters
[in]rv: a vector containing the roots of a polynomial.
[out]poly: the vector of coefficients of the polynomial ordered by degrees i.e. poly[i] is the coefficient of degree i of the polynomial e.g. $ 3 + x^2 $ is stored as a vector $ [ 3, 0, 1 ] $.