8.5. Binary String Functions and Operators

This section describes functions and operators for examining and manipulating values of type BYTEA.

SQL defines some string functions with a special syntax where certain key words rather than commas are used to separate the arguments. Details are available in Table 8-8. Some functions are also implemented using the regular syntax for function invocation. (See Table 8-9.)

Table 8-8. SQL Binary String Functions and Operators

Function	Return Type	Description	Example	Result
`string \|\| string`	`BYTEA`	String concatenation	`'\\\\Enterprise'::bytea \|\| '\\047DB\\000'::bytea`	`\\Enterprise'DB\000`
`octet_length(string)`	`INTEGER`	Number of bytes in binary string	`octet_length( 'jo\\000se'::bytea)`	`5`
`position(substring in string)`	`INTEGER`	Location of specified substring	`position('\\000om'::bytea in 'Th\\000omas'::bytea)`	`3`
`substring(string [from INTEGER] [for INTEGER])`	`BYTEA`	Extract substring	`substring('Th\\000omas'::bytea from 2 for 3)`	`h\000o`
`trim([both] bytes from string)`	`BYTEA`	Remove the longest string containing only the bytes in `bytes` from the start and end of `string`	`trim('\\000'::bytea from '\\000Tom\\000'::bytea)`	`Tom`
`get_byte`(`string`, `offset`)	`INTEGER`	Extract byte from string.	`get_byte('Th\\000omas'::bytea, 4)`	`109`
`set_byte`(`string`, `offset`, `newvalue`)	`BYTEA`	Set byte in string.	`set_byte('Th\\000omas'::bytea, 4, 64)`	`Th\000o@as`
`get_bit`(`string`, `offset`)	`INTEGER`	Extract bit from string.	`get_bit('Th\\000omas'::bytea, 45)`	`1`
`set_bit`(`string`, `offset`, `newvalue`)	`BYTEA`	Set bit in string.	`set_bit('Th\\000omas'::bytea, 45, 0)`	`Th\000omAs`

Additional binary string manipulation functions are available and are listed in Table 8-9. Some of them are used internally to implement the SQL-standard string functions listed in Table 8-8.

Table 8-9. Other Binary String Functions

Function	Return Type	Description	Example	Result
`btrim(string BYTEA, bytes BYTEA)`	`BYTEA`	Remove the longest string consisting only of bytes in `bytes` from the start and end of `string`.	`btrim('\\000trim\\000'::bytea, '\\000'::bytea)`	`trim`
`length(string)`	`INTEGER`	Length of binary string	`length('jo\\000se'::bytea)`	`5`
`decode(string TEXT, type TEXT)`	`BYTEA`	Decode binary string from `string` previously encoded with `encode`. Parameter type is same as in `encode`.	`decode('123\\000456', 'escape')`	`123\000456`
`encode(string BYTEA, type TEXT)`	`TEXT`	Encode binary string to ASCII-only representation. Supported types are: `base64`, `hex`, `escape`.	`encode('123\\000456'::bytea, 'escape')`	`123\000456`