From the Main Menu, select Doc with the arrow keys and press Enter.

Figure 3.6. Selecting Documentation Menu

It is important to read the documents provided. To view a document, select it with the arrow keys and press Enter. When finished reading a document, press Enter to return to the Documentation Menu.

To return to the Main Installation Menu, select Exit with the arrow keys and press Enter.

To change the keyboard mapping, use the arrow keys to select Keymap from the menu and press Enter. This is only required when using a non-standard or non-US keyboard.

Figure 3.8. Sysinstall Main Menu

A different keyboard mapping may be chosen by selecting the menu item using the up and down arrow keys and pressing Space. Pressing Space again will unselect the item. When finished, choose the [ OK ] using the arrow keys and press Enter.

Only a partial list is shown in this screen representation. Selecting [ Cancel ] by pressing Tab will use the default keymap and return to the Main Install Menu.

Figure 3.9. Sysinstall Keymap Menu

Select Options and press Enter.

Figure 3.10. Sysinstall Main Menu

The default values are usually fine for most users and do not need to be changed. The release name will vary according to the version being installed.

The description of the selected item will appear at the bottom of the screen highlighted in blue. Notice that one of the options is Use Defaults to reset all values to startup defaults.

Press F1 to read the help screen about the various options.

Press Q to return to the Main Install menu.

The Standard installation is the option recommended for those new to UNIX® or FreeBSD. Use the arrow keys to select Standard and then press Enter to start the installation.

Figure 3.12. Begin Standard Installation

Before installing and configuring FreeBSD it is important to be aware how FreeBSD deals with BIOS drive mappings.

In a PC running a BIOS-dependent operating system such as Microsoft® Windows®, the BIOS is able to abstract the normal disk drive order and the operating system goes along with the change. This allows the user to boot from a disk drive other than the "primary master". This is especially convenient for users buy an identical second hard drive, and perform routine copies of the first drive to the second drive. If the first drive fails, is attacked by a virus, or is scribbled upon by an operating system defect, they can easily recover by instructing the BIOS to logically swap the drives. It is like switching the cables on the drives, without having to open the case.

Systems with SCSI controllers often include BIOS extensions which allow the SCSI drives to be re-ordered in a similar fashion for up to seven drives.

A user who is accustomed to taking advantage of these features may become surprised when the results with FreeBSD are not as expected. FreeBSD does not use the BIOS, and does not know the “logical BIOS drive mapping”. This can lead to perplexing situations, especially when drives are physically identical in geometry and have been made as data clones of one another.

When using FreeBSD, always restore the BIOS to natural drive numbering before installing FreeBSD, and then leave it that way. If drives need to be switched around, take the time to open the case and move the jumpers and cables.

After choosing to begin a standard installation in sysinstall(8), this message will appear:

                                 Message
 In the next menu, you will need to set up a DOS-style ("fdisk")
 partitioning scheme for your hard disk. If you simply wish to devote
 all disk space to FreeBSD (overwriting anything else that might be on
 the disk(s) selected) then use the (A)ll command to select the default
 partitioning scheme followed by a (Q)uit. If you wish to allocate only
 free space to FreeBSD, move to a partition marked "unused" and use the
 (C)reate command.
                                [  OK  ]

                      [ Press enter or space ]

Press Enter and a list of all the hard drives that the kernel found when it carried out the device probes will be displayed. Figure 3.13, “Select Drive for FDisk” shows an example from a system with two IDE disks called ad0 and ad2.

Figure 3.13. Select Drive for FDisk

Note that ad1 is not listed here.

Consider two IDE hard disks where one is the master on the first IDE controller and one is the master on the second IDE controller. If FreeBSD numbered these as ad0 and ad1, everything would work.

But if a third disk is later added as the slave device on the first IDE controller, it would now be ad1, and the previous ad1 would become ad2. Because device names are used to find filesystems, some filesystems may no longer appear correctly, requiring a change to the FreeBSD configuration.

To work around this, the kernel can be configured to name IDE disks based on where they are and not the order in which they were found. With this scheme, the master disk on the second IDE controller will always be ad2, even if there are no ad0 or ad1 devices.

This configuration is the default for the FreeBSD kernel, which is why the display in this example shows ad0 and ad2. The machine on which this screenshot was taken had IDE disks on both master channels of the IDE controllers and no disks on the slave channels.

Select the disk on which to install FreeBSD, and then press [ OK ]. FDisk will start, with a display similar to that shown in Figure 3.14, “Typical Default FDisk Partitions”.

The FDisk display is broken into three sections.

The first section, covering the first two lines of the display, shows details about the currently selected disk, including its FreeBSD name, the disk geometry, and the total size of the disk.

The second section shows the slices that are currently on the disk, where they start and end, how large they are, the name FreeBSD gives them, and their description and sub-type. This example shows two small unused slices which are artifacts of disk layout schemes on the PC. It also shows one large FAT slice, which appears as C: in Windows®, and an extended slice, which may contain other drive letters in Windows®.

The third section shows the commands that are available in FDisk.

Figure 3.14. Typical Default FDisk Partitions

This step varies, depending on how the disk is to be sliced.

To install FreeBSD to the entire disk, which will delete all the other data on this disk, press A, which corresponds to the Use Entire Disk option. The existing slices will be removed and replaced with a small area flagged as unused and one large slice for FreeBSD. Then, select the newly created FreeBSD slice using the arrow keys and press S to mark the slice as being bootable. The screen will then look similar to Figure 3.15, “Fdisk Partition Using Entire Disk”. Note the A in the Flags column, which indicates that this slice is active, and will be booted from.

If an existing slice needs to be deleted to make space for FreeBSD, select the slice using the arrow keys and press D. Then, press C to be prompted for the size of the slice to create. Enter the appropriate value and press Enter. The default value in this box represents the largest possible slice to make, which could be the largest contiguous block of unallocated space or the size of the entire hard disk.

If you have already made space for FreeBSD then you can press C to create a new slice. Again, you will be prompted for the size of slice you would like to create.

Figure 3.15. Fdisk Partition Using Entire Disk

When finished, press Q. Any changes will be saved in sysinstall(8), but will not yet be written to disk.

The next menu provides the option to install a boot manager. In general, install the FreeBSD boot manager if:

If FreeBSD is going to be the only operating system on this machine, installed on the first hard disk, then the Standard boot manager will suffice. Choose None if using a third-party boot manager capable of booting FreeBSD.

Make a selection and press Enter.

Figure 3.16. Sysinstall Boot Manager Menu

The help screen, reached by pressing F1, discusses the problems that can be encountered when trying to share the hard disk between operating systems.

If there is more than one drive, it will return to the Select Drives screen after the boot manager selection. To install FreeBSD on to more than one disk, select another disk and repeat the slice process using FDisk.

Figure 3.17. Exit Select Drive

Use Tab to toggle between the last drive selected, [ OK ], and [ Cancel ].

Press Tab once to toggle to [ OK ], then press Enter to continue with the installation.

Next, create some partitions inside each slice. Remember that each partition is lettered, from a through to h, and that partitions b, c, and d have conventional meanings that should be adhered to.

Certain applications can benefit from particular partition schemes, especially when laying out partitions across more than one disk. However, for a first FreeBSD installation, do not give too much thought to how to partition the disk. It is more important to install FreeBSD and start learning how to use it. You can always re-install FreeBSD to change the partition scheme after becoming more familiar with the operating system.

The following scheme features four partitions: one for swap space and three for filesystems.

If installing FreeBSD on to more than one disk, create partitions in the other configured slices. The easiest way to do this is to create two partitions on each disk, one for the swap space, and one for a filesystem.

Having chosen the partition layout, create it using sysinstall(8).

                                 Message
 Now, you need to create BSD partitions inside of the fdisk
 partition(s) just created. If you have a reasonable amount of disk
 space (1GB or more) and don't have any special requirements, simply
 use the (A)uto command to allocate space automatically. If you have
 more specific needs or just don't care for the layout chosen by
 (A)uto, press F1 for more information on manual layout.

                                [  OK  ]
                          [ Press enter or space ]

Press Enter to start the FreeBSD partition editor, called Disklabel.

Figure 3.18, “Sysinstall Disklabel Editor” shows the display when Disklabel starts. The display is divided into three sections.

The first few lines show the name of the disk being worked on and the slice that contains the partitions to create. At this point, Disklabel calls this the Partition name rather than slice name. This display also shows the amount of free space within the slice; that is, space that was set aside in the slice, but that has not yet been assigned to a partition.

The middle of the display shows the partitions that have been created, the name of the filesystem that each partition contains, their size, and some options pertaining to the creation of the filesystem.

The bottom third of the screen shows the keystrokes that are valid in Disklabel.

Figure 3.18. Sysinstall Disklabel Editor

Disklabel can automatically create partitions and assign them default sizes. The default sizes are calculated with the help of an internal partition sizing algorithm based on the disk size. Press A to see a display similar to that shown in Figure 3.19, “Sysinstall Disklabel Editor with Auto Defaults”. Depending on the size of the disk, the defaults may or may not be appropriate.

Figure 3.19. Sysinstall Disklabel Editor with Auto Defaults

To replace the default partitions, use the arrow keys to select the first partition and press D to delete it. Repeat this to delete all the suggested partitions.

To create the first partition, a, mounted as /, make sure the proper disk slice at the top of the screen is selected and press C. A dialog box will appear, prompting for the size of the new partition, as shown in Figure 3.20, “Free Space for Root Partition”. The size can be entered as the number of disk blocks to use or as a number followed by either M for megabytes, G for gigabytes, or C for cylinders.

Figure 3.20. Free Space for Root Partition

The default size shown will create a partition that takes up the rest of the slice. If using the partition sizes described in the earlier example, delete the existing figure using Backspace, and then type in 512M, as shown in Figure 3.21, “Edit Root Partition Size”. Then press [ OK ].

Figure 3.21. Edit Root Partition Size

After choosing the partition's size, the installer will ask whether this partition will contain a filesystem or swap space. The dialog box is shown in Figure 3.22, “Choose the Root Partition Type”. This first partition will contain a filesystem, so check that FS is selected and press Enter.

Figure 3.22. Choose the Root Partition Type

Finally, tell Disklabel where the filesystem will be mounted. The dialog box is shown in Figure 3.23, “Choose the Root Mount Point”. Type /, and then press Enter.

Figure 3.23. Choose the Root Mount Point

The display will then update to show the newly created partition. Repeat this procedure for the other partitions. When creating the swap partition, it will not prompt for the filesystem mount point. When creating the final partition, /usr, leave the suggested size as is to use the rest of the slice.

The final FreeBSD DiskLabel Editor screen will appear similar to Figure 3.24, “Sysinstall Disklabel Editor”, although the values chosen may be different. Press Q to finish.

Figure 3.24. Sysinstall Disklabel Editor

Deciding which distribution set to install will depend largely on the intended use of the system and the amount of disk space available. The predefined options range from installing the smallest possible configuration to everything. Those who are new to UNIX® or FreeBSD should select one of these canned options. Customizing a distribution set is typically for the more experienced user.

Press F1 for more information on the distribution set options and what they contain. When finished reviewing the help, press Enter to return to the Select Distributions Menu.

If a graphical user interface is desired, the configuration of Xorg and selection of a default desktop must be done after the installation of FreeBSD. More information regarding the installation and configuration of a Xorg can be found in Chapter 6, The X Window System.

If compiling a custom kernel is anticipated, select an option which includes the source code. For more information on why a custom kernel should be built or how to build a custom kernel, see Chapter 9, Configuring the FreeBSD Kernel.

The most versatile system is one that includes everything. If there is adequate disk space, select All, as shown in Figure 3.25, “Choose Distributions”, by using the arrow keys and pressing Enter. If there is a concern about disk space, consider using an option that is more suitable for the situation. Do not fret over the perfect choice, as other distributions can be added after installation.

Figure 3.25. Choose Distributions

After selecting the desired distribution, an opportunity to install the FreeBSD Ports Collection is presented. The Ports Collection is an easy and convenient way to install software as it provides a collection of files that automate the downloading, compiling, and installation of third-party software packages. Chapter 5, Installing Applications: Packages and Ports discusses how to use the Ports Collection.

The installation program does not check to see if you have adequate space. Select this option only if you have adequate hard disk space. As of FreeBSD 10.2, the FreeBSD Ports Collection takes up about 500 MB of disk space. You can safely assume a larger value for more recent versions of FreeBSD.

                         User Confirmation Requested
 Would you like to install the FreeBSD ports collection?

 This will give you ready access to over 24,000 ported software packages,
 at a cost of around 500 MB of disk space when "clean" and possibly much
 more than that if a lot of the distribution tarballs are loaded
 (unless you have the extra CDs from a FreeBSD CD/DVD distribution
 available and can mount it on /cdrom, in which case this is far less
 of a problem).

 The Ports Collection is a very valuable resource and well worth having
 on your /usr partition, so it is advisable to say Yes to this option.

 For more information on the Ports Collection & the latest ports,
 visit:
     http://www.FreeBSD.org/ports

                              [ Yes ]     No

Select [ Yes ] with the arrow keys to install the Ports Collection or [ No ] to skip this option. Press Enter to continue. The Choose Distributions menu will redisplay.

Figure 3.26. Confirm Distributions

Once satisfied with the options, select Exit with the arrow keys, ensure that [ OK ] is highlighted, and press Enter to continue.

If PPP was previously configured for an FTP install, this screen will not display and can be configured after boot as described above.

For detailed information on Local Area Networks and configuring FreeBSD as a gateway/router refer to the Advanced Networking chapter.

                      User Confirmation Requested
   Would you like to configure any Ethernet or PPP network devices?

                             [ Yes ]   No

To configure a network device, select [ Yes ] and press Enter. Otherwise, select [ No ] to continue.

Figure 3.28. Selecting an Ethernet Device

Select the interface to be configured with the arrow keys and press Enter.

                      User Confirmation Requested
       Do you want to try IPv6 configuration of the interface?

                              Yes   [ No ]

In this private local area network, the current Internet type protocol (IPv4) was sufficient and [ No ] was selected with the arrow keys and Enter pressed.

If connected to an existing IPv6 network with an RA server, choose [ Yes ] and press Enter. It will take several seconds to scan for RA servers.

                             User Confirmation Requested
        Do you want to try DHCP configuration of the interface?

                              Yes   [ No ]

If Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP) is not required, select [ No ] with the arrow keys and press Enter.

Selecting [ Yes ] will execute dhclient(8) and, if successful, will fill in the network configuration information automatically. Refer to Section 29.6, “Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)” for more information.

The following Network Configuration screen shows the configuration of the Ethernet device for a system that will act as the gateway for a Local Area Network.

Figure 3.29. Set Network Configuration for ed0

Use Tab to select the information fields and fill in appropriate information:

Use Tab to select [ OK ] when finished and press Enter.

                      User Confirmation Requested
        Would you like to bring the ed0 interface up right now?

                             [ Yes ]   No

Choosing [ Yes ] and pressing Enter will bring the machine up on the network so it is ready for use. However, this does not accomplish much during installation, since the machine still needs to be rebooted.

                       User Confirmation Requested
       Do you want this machine to function as a network gateway?

                              [ Yes ]    No

If the machine will be acting as the gateway for a local area network and forwarding packets between other machines, select [ Yes ] and press Enter. If the machine is a node on a network, select [ No ] and press Enter to continue.

                      User Confirmation Requested
Do you want to configure inetd and the network services that it provides?

                               Yes   [ No ]

If [ No ] is selected, various services will not be enabled. These services can be enabled after installation by editing /etc/inetd.conf with a text editor. See Section 29.2.1, “Configuration File” for more information.

Otherwise, select [ Yes ] to configure these services during install. An additional confirmation will display:

                      User Confirmation Requested
The Internet Super Server (inetd) allows a number of simple Internet
services to be enabled, including finger, ftp and telnetd.  Enabling
these services may increase risk of security problems by increasing
the exposure of your system.

With this in mind, do you wish to enable inetd?

                             [ Yes ]   No

Select [ Yes ] to continue.

                      User Confirmation Requested
inetd(8) relies on its configuration file, /etc/inetd.conf, to determine
which of its Internet services will be available.  The default FreeBSD
inetd.conf(5) leaves all services disabled by default, so they must be
specifically enabled in the configuration file before they will
function, even once inetd(8) is enabled.  Note that services for
IPv6 must be separately enabled from IPv4 services.

Select [Yes] now to invoke an editor on /etc/inetd.conf, or [No] to
use the current settings.

                             [ Yes ]   No

Selecting [ Yes ] allows services to be enabled by deleting the # at the beginning of the lines representing those services.

Figure 3.30. Editing inetd.conf

Once the edits are complete, press Esc to display a menu which will exit the editor and save the changes.

                      User Confirmation Requested
                  Would you like to enable SSH login?
                           Yes        [  No  ]

Selecting [ Yes ] will enable sshd(8), the daemon for OpenSSH. This allows secure remote access to the machine. For more information about OpenSSH, see Section 14.8, “OpenSSH”.

                      User Confirmation Requested
 Do you want to have anonymous FTP access to this machine?

                              Yes    [ No ]

3.10.5.2. Allow Anonymous FTP

Anyone can access the machine if anonymous FTP connections are allowed. The security implications should be considered before enabling this option. For more information about security, see Chapter 14, Security.

To allow anonymous FTP, use the arrow keys to select [ Yes ] and press Enter. An additional confirmation will display:

                       User Confirmation Requested
 Anonymous FTP permits un-authenticated users to connect to the system
 FTP server, if FTP service is enabled.  Anonymous users are
 restricted to a specific subset of the file system, and the default
 configuration provides a drop-box incoming directory to which uploads
 are permitted.  You must separately enable both inetd(8), and enable
 ftpd(8) in inetd.conf(5) for FTP services to be available.  If you
 did not do so earlier, you will have the opportunity to enable inetd(8)
 again later.

 If you want the server to be read-only you should leave the upload
 directory option empty and add the -r command-line option to ftpd(8)
 in inetd.conf(5)

 Do you wish to continue configuring anonymous FTP?

                          [ Yes ]         No

This message indicates that the FTP service will also have to be enabled in /etc/inetd.conf to allow anonymous FTP connections. Select [ Yes ] and press Enter to continue. The following screen will display:

Figure 3.31. Default Anonymous FTP Configuration

Use Tab to select the information fields and fill in appropriate information:

UID

The user ID to assign to the anonymous FTP user. All files uploaded will be owned by this ID.

Group

Which group to place the anonymous FTP user into.

Comment

String describing this user in /etc/passwd.

FTP Root Directory

Where files available for anonymous FTP will be kept.

Upload Subdirectory

Where files uploaded by anonymous FTP users will go.

The FTP root directory will be put in /var by default. If there is not enough room there for the anticipated FTP needs, use /usr instead by setting the FTP root directory to /usr/ftp.

Once satisfied with the values, press Enter to continue.

                          User Confirmation Requested
         Create a welcome message file for anonymous FTP users?

                              [ Yes ]    No

If [ Yes ] is selected, press Enter and the ee(1) editor will automatically start.

Figure 3.32. Edit the FTP Welcome Message

Use the instructions to change the message. Note the file name location at the bottom of the editor screen.

Press Esc and a pop-up menu will default to a) leave editor. Press Enter to exit and continue. Press Enter again to save any changes.

The Network File System (NFS) allows sharing of files across a network. A machine can be configured as a server, a client, or both. Refer to Section 29.3, “Network File System (NFS)” for more information.

3.10.6.1. NFS Server

                       User Confirmation Requested
 Do you want to configure this machine as an NFS server?

                              Yes    [ No ]

If there is no need for a NFS server, select [ No ] and press Enter.

If [ Yes ] is chosen, a message will pop-up indicating that /etc/exports must be created.

                               Message
Operating as an NFS server means that you must first configure an
/etc/exports file to indicate which hosts are allowed certain kinds of
access to your local filesystems.
Press [Enter] now to invoke an editor on /etc/exports
                               [ OK ]

Press Enter to continue. A text editor will start, allowing /etc/exports to be edited.

Figure 3.33. Editing exports

Use the instructions to add the exported filesystems. Note the file name location at the bottom of the editor screen.

Press Esc and a pop-up menu will default to a) leave editor. Press Enter to exit and continue.

                       User Confirmation Requested
 Do you want to configure this machine as an NFS client?

                              Yes   [ No ]

There are several options available to customize the system console.

                      User Confirmation Requested
       Would you like to customize your system console settings?

                              [ Yes ]  No

To view and configure the options, select [ Yes ] and press Enter.

Figure 3.34. System Console Configuration Options

A commonly used option is the screen saver. Use the arrow keys to select Saver and then press Enter.

Figure 3.35. Screen Saver Options

Select the desired screen saver using the arrow keys and then press Enter. The System Console Configuration menu will redisplay.

The default time interval is 300 seconds. To change the time interval, select Saver again. At the Screen Saver Options menu, select Timeout using the arrow keys and press Enter. A pop-up menu will appear:

Figure 3.36. Screen Saver Timeout

The value can be changed, then select [ OK ] and press Enter to return to the System Console Configuration menu.

Figure 3.37. System Console Configuration Exit

Select Exit and press Enter to continue with the post-installation configuration.

Setting the time zone allows the system to automatically correct for any regional time changes and perform other time zone related functions properly.

The example shown is for a machine located in the Eastern time zone of the United States. The selections will vary according to the geographic location.

                      User Confirmation Requested
          Would you like to set this machine's time zone now?

                            [ Yes ]   No

Select [ Yes ] and press Enter to set the time zone.

                       User Confirmation Requested
 Is this machine's CMOS clock set to UTC? If it is set to local time
 or you don't know, please choose NO here!

                              Yes   [ No ]

Select [ Yes ] or [ No ] according to how the machine's clock is configured, then press Enter.

Figure 3.38. Select the Region

The appropriate region is selected using the arrow keys and then pressing Enter.

Figure 3.39. Select the Country

Select the appropriate country using the arrow keys and press Enter.

Figure 3.40. Select the Time Zone

The appropriate time zone is selected using the arrow keys and pressing Enter.

                            Confirmation
            Does the abbreviation 'EDT' look reasonable?

                            [ Yes ]   No

Confirm that the abbreviation for the time zone is correct. If it looks okay, press Enter to continue with the post-installation configuration.

This option allows cut and paste in the console and user programs using a 3-button mouse. If using a 2-button mouse, refer to moused(8) for details on emulating the 3-button style. This example depicts a non-USB mouse configuration:

                      User Confirmation Requested
         Does this system have a PS/2, serial, or bus mouse?

                            [ Yes ]    No 

Select [ Yes ] for a PS/2, serial, or bus mouse, or [ No ] for a USB mouse, then press Enter.

Figure 3.41. Select Mouse Protocol Type

Use the arrow keys to select Type and press Enter.

Figure 3.42. Set Mouse Protocol

The mouse used in this example is a PS/2 type, so the default Auto is appropriate. To change the mouse protocol, use the arrow keys to select another option. Ensure that [ OK ] is highlighted and press Enter to exit this menu.

Figure 3.43. Configure Mouse Port

Use the arrow keys to select Port and press Enter.

Figure 3.44. Setting the Mouse Port

This system had a PS/2 mouse, so the default PS/2 is appropriate. To change the port, use the arrow keys and then press Enter.

Figure 3.45. Enable the Mouse Daemon

Last, use the arrow keys to select Enable, and press Enter to enable and test the mouse daemon.

Figure 3.46. Test the Mouse Daemon

Move the mouse around the screen to verify that the cursor responds properly. If it does, select [ Yes ] and press Enter. If not, the mouse has not been configured correctly. Select [ No ] and try using different configuration options.

Select Exit with the arrow keys and press Enter to continue with the post-installation configuration.

Packages are pre-compiled binaries and are a convenient way to install software.

Installation of one package is shown for purposes of illustration. Additional packages can also be added at this time if desired. After installation, sysinstall(8) can be used to add additional packages.

                     User Confirmation Requested
 The FreeBSD package collection is a collection of hundreds of
 ready-to-run applications, from text editors to games to WEB servers
 and more. Would you like to browse the collection now?

                            [ Yes ]   No

Select [ Yes ] and press Enter to be presented with the Package Selection screens:

Figure 3.47. Select Package Category

Only packages on the current installation media are available for installation at any given time.

All packages available will be displayed if All is selected. Otherwise, select a particular category. Highlight the selection with the arrow keys and press Enter.

A menu will display showing all the packages available for the selection made:

Figure 3.48. Select Packages

The bash shell is shown as selected. Select as many packages as desired by highlighting the package and pressing Space. A short description of each package will appear in the lower left corner of the screen.

Press Tab to toggle between the last selected package, [ OK ], and [ Cancel ].

Once finished marking the packages for installation, press Tab once to toggle to [ OK ] and press Enter to return to the Package Selection menu.

The left and right arrow keys will also toggle between [ OK ] and [ Cancel ]. This method can also be used to select [ OK ] and press Enter to return to the Package Selection menu.

Figure 3.49. Install Packages

Use the Tab and arrow keys to select [ Install ] and press Enter to see the installation confirmation message:

Figure 3.50. Confirm Package Installation

Select [ OK ] and press Enter to start the package installation. Installation messages will appear until all of the installations have completed. Make note if there are any error messages.

The final configuration continues after packages are installed. If no packages are selected, select Install to return to the final configuration.

Add at least one user during the installation so that the system can be used without logging in as root. The root partition is generally small and running applications as root can quickly fill it. A bigger danger is noted below:

                     User Confirmation Requested
 Would you like to add any initial user accounts to the system? Adding
 at least one account for yourself at this stage is suggested since
 working as the "root" user is dangerous (it is easy to do things which
 adversely affect the entire system).

                            [ Yes ]   No

Select [ Yes ] and press Enter to continue with adding a user.

Figure 3.51. Select User

Select User with the arrow keys and press Enter.

Figure 3.52. Add User Information

The following descriptions will appear in the lower part of the screen as the items are selected with Tab to assist with entering the required information:

In this example, the login shell was changed from /bin/sh to /usr/local/bin/bash to use the bash shell that was previously installed as a package. Do not use a shell that does not exist or the user will not be able to login. The most common shell used in FreeBSD is the C shell, /bin/tcsh.

The user was also added to the wheel group to be able to become a superuser with root privileges.

Once satisfied, press [ OK ] and the User and Group Management menu will redisplay:

Figure 3.53. Exit User and Group Management

Groups can also be added at this time. Otherwise, this menu may be accessed using sysinstall(8) at a later time.

When finished adding users, select Exit with the arrow keys and press Enter to continue the installation.

                        Message
 Now you must set the system manager's password.
 This is the password you'll use to log in as "root".

                         [ OK ]

               [ Press enter or space ]

Press Enter to set the root password.

The password will need to be typed in twice correctly. Do not forget this password. Notice that the typed password is not echoed, nor are asterisks displayed.

New password:
Retype new password :

The installation will continue after the password is successfully entered.

A message will ask if configuration is complete:

                     User Confirmation Requested
 Visit the general configuration menu for a chance to set any last
 options?

                              Yes   [ No ]

Select [ No ] with the arrow keys and press Enter to return to the Main Installation Menu.

Figure 3.54. Exit Install

Select [X Exit Install] with the arrow keys and press Enter. The installer will prompt to confirm exiting the installation:

                     User Confirmation Requested
 Are you sure you wish to exit? The system will reboot.

                            [ Yes ]   No

Select [ Yes ]. If booting from the CDROM drive, the following message will remind you to remove the disk:

                    Message
 Be sure to remove the media from the drive.

                    [ OK ]
           [ Press enter or space ]

The CDROM drive is locked until the machine starts to reboot, then the disk can quickly be removed from the drive. Press [ OK ] to reboot.

The system will reboot so watch for any error messages that may appear, see Section 3.10.15, “FreeBSD Bootup” for more details.

Configuring network services can be a daunting task for users that lack previous knowledge in this area. Since networking and the Internet are critical to all modern operating systems, it is useful to have some understanding of FreeBSD's extensive networking capabilities.

Network services are programs that accept input from anywhere on the network. Since there have been cases where bugs in network services have been exploited by attackers, it is important to only enable needed network services. If in doubt, do not enable a network service until it is needed. Services can be enabled with sysinstall(8) or by editing /etc/rc.conf.

Selecting the Networking option will display a menu similar to the one below:

Figure 3.55. Network Configuration Upper-level

The first option, Interfaces, is covered in Section 3.10.1, “Network Device Configuration”.

Selecting the AMD option adds support for amd(8). This is usually used in conjunction with NFS for automatically mounting remote filesystems.

Next is the AMD Flags option. When selected, a menu will pop up where specific AMD flags can be entered. The menu already contains a set of default options:

-a /.amd_mnt -l syslog /host /etc/amd.map /net /etc/amd.map

-a sets the default mount location which is specified here as /.amd_mnt. -l specifies the default log; however, when syslogd(8) is used, all log activity will be sent to the system log daemon. /host is used to mount an exported file system from a remote host, while /net is used to mount an exported filesystem from an IP address. The default options for AMD exports are defined in /etc/amd.map.

The Anon FTP option permits anonymous FTP connections. Select this option to make this machine an anonymous FTP server. Be aware of the security risks involved with this option. Another menu will be displayed to explain the security risks and configuration in depth.

The Gateway menu will configure the machine to be a gateway. This menu can also be used to unset the Gateway option if it was accidentally selected during installation.

The Inetd option can be used to configure or completely disable inetd(8).

The Mail option is used to configure the system's default Mail Transfer Agent (MTA). Selecting this option will bring up the following menu:

Figure 3.56. Select a Default MTA

This menu offers a choice as to which MTA to install and set as the default. An MTA is a mail server which delivers email to users on the system or the Internet.

Select Sendmail to install Sendmail as the default MTA. Select Sendmail local to set Sendmail as the default MTA, but disable its ability to receive incoming email from the Internet. The other options, Postfix and Exim, provide alternatives to Sendmail.

The next menu after the MTA menu is NFS client. This menu is used to configure the system to communicate with a NFS server which in turn is used to make filesystems available to other machines on the network over the NFS protocol. See Section 29.3, “Network File System (NFS)” for more information about client and server configuration.

Below that option is the NFS server option, for setting the system up as an NFS server. This adds the required information to start up the Remote Procedure Call RPC services. RPC is used to coordinate connections between hosts and programs.

Next in line is the Ntpdate option, which deals with time synchronization. When selected, a menu like the one below shows up:

Figure 3.57. Ntpdate Configuration

From this menu, select the server which is geographically closest. This will make the time synchronization more accurate as a farther server may have more connection latency.

The next option is the PCNFSD selection. This option will install the net/pcnfsd package from the Ports Collection. This is a useful utility which provides NFS authentication services for systems which are unable to provide their own, such as Microsoft's MS-DOS® operating system.

Now, scroll down a bit to see the other options:

Figure 3.58. Network Configuration Lower-level

RPC communication between NFS servers and clients is managed by rpcbind(8) which is required for NFS servers to operate correctly. Status monitoring is provided by rpc.statd(8) and the reported status is usually held in /var/db/statd.status. The next option is for rpc.lockd(8) which provides file locking services. This is usually used with rpc.statd(8) to monitor which hosts are requesting locks and how frequently they request them. While these last two options are useful for debugging, they are not required for NFS servers and clients to operate correctly.

The next menu, Routed, configures the routing daemon. routed(8), manages network routing tables, discovers multicast routers, and supplies a copy of the routing tables to any physically connected host on the network upon request. This is mainly used for machines which act as a gateway for the local network. If selected, a menu will request the default location of the utility. To accept the default location, press Enter. Yet another menu will ask for the flags to pass to routed(8). The default of -q should appear on the screen.

The next menu, Rwhod, starts rwhod(8) during system initialization. This utility broadcasts system messages across the network periodically, or collects them when in “consumer” mode. More information can be found in ruptime(1) and rwho(1).

The next to last option in the list is for sshd(8), the secure shell server for OpenSSH. It is highly recommended over the standard telnetd(8) and ftpd(8) servers as it is used to create a secure, encrypted connection from one host to another.

The final option is TCP Extensions which are defined in RFC 1323 and RFC 1644. While on many hosts this can speed up connections, it can also cause some connections to be dropped. It is not recommended for servers, but may be beneficial for stand alone machines.

Once the network services are configured, scroll up to the very top item which is X Exit and continue on to the next configuration item or simply exit sysinstall(8) by selecting X Exit twice then [X Exit Install].

It is important to properly shutdown the operating system. Do not just turn off the power. First, become the superuser using su(1) and entering the root password. This will work only if the user is a member of wheel. Otherwise, login as root. To shutdown the system, type shutdown -h now.

The operating system has halted.
Please press any key to reboot.

It is safe to turn off the power after the shutdown command has been issued and the message “Please press any key to reboot” appears. If any key is pressed instead of turning off the power switch, the system will reboot.

The Ctrl+Alt+Del key combination can also be used to reboot the system; however, this is not recommended.

Due to various limitations of the PC architecture, it is impossible for device probing to be 100% reliable. However, there are a few things to try if it fails.

Check the Hardware Notes document for the version of FreeBSD to make sure the hardware is supported.

If the hardware is supported but still experiences lock-ups or other problems, build a custom kernel to add in support for devices which are not present in the GENERIC kernel. The default kernel assumes that most hardware devices are in their factory default configuration in terms of IRQs, I/O addresses, and DMA channels. If the hardware has been reconfigured, create a custom kernel configuration file and recompile to tell FreeBSD where to find things.

It is also possible that a probe for a device not present will cause a later probe for another device that is present to fail. In that case, the probes for the conflicting driver(s) should be disabled.

At this time, FreeBSD does not support file systems compressed with the Double Space™ application. Therefore the file system will need to be uncompressed before FreeBSD can access the data. This can be done by running the Compression Agent located in the Start> Programs > System Tools menu.

FreeBSD can support MS-DOS® file systems (sometimes called FAT file systems). The mount_msdosfs(8) command grafts such file systems onto the existing directory hierarchy, allowing the file system's contents to be accessed. The mount_msdosfs(8) program is not usually invoked directly; instead, it is called by the system through a line in /etc/fstab or by using mount(8) with the appropriate parameters.

A typical line in /etc/fstab is:

/dev/ad0sN  /dos  msdosfs rw  0	0

A typical call to mount(8) for a FAT filesystem looks like:

# mount -t msdosfs /dev/ad0s1 /mnt

In this example, the FAT filesystem is located on the first partition of the primary hard disk. The output from dmesg(8) and mount(8) should produce enough information to give an idea of the partition layout.

This type of installation is called a “headless install” because the machine to be installed does not have either an attached monitor or a VGA output. This type of installation is possible using a serial console, another machine which acts as the main display and keyboard. To do this, follow the steps to create an installation USB stick, explained in Section 3.3.7, “Prepare the Boot Media”, or download the correct installation ISO image as described in Section 3.13.1, “Creating an Installation ISO”.

To modify the installation media to boot into a serial console, follow these steps. If using a CD/DVD media, skip the first step):

The headless machine can now be controlled using cu(1). It will load the kernel and then display a selection of which type of terminal to use. Select the FreeBSD color console and proceed with the installation.

As part of each release, the FreeBSD Project provides ISO images for each supported architecture. These images can be written (“burned”) to CD or DVD media using a burning application, and then used to install FreeBSD. If a CD/DVD writer is available, this is the easiest way to install FreeBSD.

FreeBSD discs are laid out in the same way as the FTP site. This makes it easy to create a local FTP site that can be used by other machines on a network to install FreeBSD.

Anyone with network connectivity to the machine can now chose a media type of FTP and type in ftp://your machine after picking “Other” in the FTP sites menu during the install.

To prepare for an installation from a Windows® partition, copy the files from the distribution into a directory in the root directory of the partition, such as c:\freebsd. Since the directory structure must be reproduced, it is recommended to use robocopy when copying from a CD/DVD. For example, to prepare for a minimal installation of FreeBSD:

C:\> md c:\freebsd
C:\> robocopy e:\bin c:\freebsd\bin\ /s
C:\> robocopy e:\manpages c:\freebsd\manpages\ /s

This example assumes that C: has enough free space and E: is where the CD/DVD is mounted.

Alternatively, download the distribution from ftp.FreeBSD.org. Each distribution is in its own directory; for example, the base distribution can be found in the 9.3/base/ directory.