In order to promote consistency between the myriad authors of the FreeBSD documentation, some guidelines have been drawn up for authors to follow.
There are several variants of English, with different spellings for the same word. Where spellings differ, use the American English variant. “color”, not “colour”, “rationalize”, not “rationalise”, and so on.
Note: The use of British English may be accepted in the case of a contributed article, however the spelling must be consistent within the whole document. The other documents such as books, web site, manual pages, etc. will have to use American English.
Do not use contractions. Always spell the phrase out in full. “Don't use contractions” would be wrong.
Avoiding contractions makes for a more formal tone, is more precise, and is slightly easier for translators.
In a list of items within a paragraph, separate each item from the others with a comma. Separate the last item from the others with a comma and the word “and”.
For example, look at the following:
This is a list of one, two and three items.
Is this a list of three items, “one”, “two”, and “three”, or a list of two items, “one” and “two and three”?
It is better to be explicit and include a serial comma:
This is a list of one, two, and three items.
Try not to use redundant phrases. In particular, “the command”, “the file”, and “man command” are probably redundant.
These two examples show this for commands. The second example is preferred.
These two examples show this for filenames. The second example is preferred.
These two examples show this for manual references. The second example is preferred (the second example uses <citerefentry>).
See csh(1).
Always use two spaces at the end of sentences, as this improves readability, and eases use of tools such as Emacs.
While it may be argued that a capital letter following a period denotes a new sentence, this is not the case, especially in name usage. “Jordan K. Hubbard” is a good example; it has a capital H following a period and a space, and there certainly is not a new sentence there.
For more information about writing style, see Elements of Style, by William Strunk.
To keep the source for the Handbook consistent when many different people are editing it, please follow these style conventions.
Tags are entered in lower case, <para>, not <PARA>.
Text that appears in SGML contexts is generally written in upper case, <!ENTITY...>, and <!DOCTYPE...>, not <!entity...> and <!doctype...>.
Acronyms should generally be spelled out the first time they appear in a book, as in: "Network Time Protocol (NTP)." After the acronym has been defined, you should generally use the acronym only (not the whole term, unless it makes more sense contextually to use the whole term). Usually, acronyms are defined only one per book. But if you prefer, you can also define them the first time they appear in each chapter.
The first three uses of an acronym should be enclosed in <acronym> tags, with a role attribute with the full term defined. This allows a link to the glossary to be created, and for mouseovers to be rendered with the fully expanded term.
Each file starts with indentation set at column 0, regardless of the indentation level of the file which might contain this one.
Opening tags increase the indentation level by 2 spaces. Closing tags decrease the indentation level by 2 spaces. Blocks of 8 spaces at the start of a line should be replaced with a tab. Do not use spaces in front of tabs, and do not add extraneous whitespace at the end of a line. Content within elements should be indented by two spaces if the content runs over more than one line.
For example, the source for this section looks something like:
+--- This is column 0
V
<chapter>
<title>...</title>
<sect1>
<title>...</title>
<sect2>
<title>Indentation</title>
<para>Each file starts with indentation set at column 0,
<emphasis>regardless</emphasis> of the indentation level of the file
which might contain this one.</para>
...
</sect2>
</sect1>
</chapter>
If you use Emacs or XEmacs to edit the files then sgml-mode should be loaded automatically, and the Emacs local variables at the bottom of each file should enforce these styles.
Vim users might want to configure their editor with:
augroup sgmledit autocmd FileType sgml set formatoptions=cq2l " Special formatting options autocmd FileType sgml set textwidth=70 " Wrap lines at 70 columns autocmd FileType sgml set shiftwidth=2 " Automatically indent autocmd FileType sgml set softtabstop=2 " Tab key indents 2 spaces autocmd FileType sgml set tabstop=8 " Replace 8 spaces with a tab autocmd FileType sgml set autoindent " Automatic indentation augroup END
Tags that start at the same indent as a previous tag should be separated by a blank line, and those that are not at the same indent as a previous tag should not:
Tags like <itemizedlist> which will always have further tags inside them, and in fact do not take character data themselves, are always on a line by themselves.
Tags like <para> and <term> do not need other tags to contain normal character data, and their contents begin immediately after the tag, on the same line.
The same applies to when these two types of tags close.
This leads to an obvious problem when mixing these tags.
When a starting tag which cannot contain character data directly follows a tag of the type that requires other tags within it to use character data, they are on separate lines. The second tag should be properly indented.
When a tag which can contain character data closes directly after a tag which cannot contain character data closes, they co-exist on the same line.
When committing changes, do not commit changes to the content at the same time as changes to the formatting.
This is so that the teams that convert the Handbook to other languages can quickly see what content has actually changed in your commit, without having to decide whether a line has changed because of the content, or just because it has been refilled.
For example, if you have added two sentences to a paragraph, such that the line lengths on the paragraph now go over 80 columns, first commit your change with the too-long line lengths. Then fix the line wrapping, and commit this second change. In the commit message for the second change, be sure to indicate that this is a whitespace-only change, and that the translation team can ignore it.
Avoid line breaks in places where they look ugly or make it difficult to follow a sentence. Line breaks depend on the width of the chosen output medium. In particular, viewing the HTML documentation with a text browser can lead to badly formatted paragraphs like the next one:
Data capacity ranges from 40 MB to 15 GB. Hardware compression ...
The general entity prohibits line breaks between parts belonging together. Use nonbreaking spaces in the following places:
between numbers and units:
57600 bps
between program names and version numbers:
FreeBSD 4.7
between multiword names (use with caution when applying this to more than 3-4 word names like “The FreeBSD Brazilian Portuguese Documentation Project”):
Sun Microsystems
This, and other documents, can be downloaded from ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/.
For questions about FreeBSD, read the documentation before contacting <[email protected]>.
For questions about this documentation, e-mail <[email protected]>.