Configuring Localization Settings

This chapter describes the available localization features of Greenplum Database. Greenplum Database supports localization with two approaches:

  • Using the locale features of the operating system to provide locale-specific collation order, number formatting, and so on.
  • Providing a number of different character sets defined in the Greenplum Database server, including multiple-byte character sets, to support storing text in all kinds of languages, and providing character set translation between client and server.

About Locale Support in Greenplum Database

Locale support refers to an application respecting cultural preferences regarding alphabets, sorting, number formatting, etc. Greenplum Database uses the standard ISO C and POSIX locale facilities provided by the server operating system. For additional information refer to the documentation of your operating system.

Locale support is automatically initialized when a Greenplum Database system is initialized. The initialization utility, gpinitsystem, will initialize the Greenplum array with the locale setting of its execution environment by default, so if your system is already set to use the locale that you want in your Greenplum Database system then there is nothing else you need to do.

When you are ready to initiate Greenplum Database and you want to use a different locale (or you are not sure which locale your system is set to), you can instruct gpinitsystem exactly which locale to use by specifying the -n locale option. For example:

$ gpinitsystem -c gp_init_config -n sv_SE

See Initializing a Greenplum Database System for information about the database initialization process.

The example above sets the locale to Swedish (sv) as spoken in Sweden (SE). Other possibilities might be en_US (U.S. English) and fr_CA (French Canadian). If more than one character set can be useful for a locale then the specifications look like this: cs_CZ.ISO8859-2. What locales are available under what names on your system depends on what was provided by the operating system vendor and what was installed. On most systems, the command locale -a will provide a list of available locales.

Occasionally it is useful to mix rules from several locales, for example use English collation rules but Spanish messages. To support that, a set of locale subcategories exist that control only a certain aspect of the localization rules:

  • LC_COLLATE — String sort order
  • LC_CTYPE — Character classification (What is a letter? Its upper-case equivalent?)
  • LC_MESSAGES — Language of messages
  • LC_MONETARY — Formatting of currency amounts
  • LC_NUMERIC — Formatting of numbers
  • LC_TIME — Formatting of dates and times

If you want the system to behave as if it had no locale support, use the special locale C or POSIX.

The nature of some locale categories is that their value has to be fixed for the lifetime of a Greenplum Database system. That is, once gpinitsystem has run, you cannot change them anymore. LC_COLLATE and LC_CTYPE are those categories. They affect the sort order of indexes, so they must be kept fixed, or indexes on text columns will become corrupt. Greenplum Database enforces this by recording the values of LC_COLLATE and LC_CTYPE that are seen by gpinitsystem. The server automatically adopts those two values based on the locale that was chosen at initialization time.

The other locale categories can be changed as desired whenever the server is running by setting the server configuration parameters that have the same name as the locale categories (see the Greenplum Database Reference Guide for more information on setting server configuration parameters). The defaults that are chosen by gpinitsystem are written into the master and segment postgresql.conf configuration files to serve as defaults when the Greenplum Database system is started. If you delete these assignments from the master and each segment postgresql.conf files then the server will inherit the settings from its execution environment.

Note that the locale behavior of the server is determined by the environment variables seen by the server, not by the environment of any client. Therefore, be careful to configure the correct locale settings on each Greenplum Database host (master and segments) before starting the system. A consequence of this is that if client and server are set up in different locales, messages may appear in different languages depending on where they originated.

Inheriting the locale from the execution environment means the following on most operating systems: For a given locale category, say the collation, the following environment variables are consulted in this order until one is found to be set: LC_ALL, LC_COLLATE (the variable corresponding to the respective category), LANG. If none of these environment variables are set then the locale defaults to C.

Some message localization libraries also look at the environment variable LANGUAGE which overrides all other locale settings for the purpose of setting the language of messages. If in doubt, please refer to the documentation for your operating system, in particular the documentation about gettext, for more information.

Native language support (NLS), which enables messages to be translated to the user's preferred language, is not enabled in Greenplum Database for languages other than English. This is independent of the other locale support.

Locale Behavior

The locale settings influence the following SQL features:

  • Sort order in queries using ORDER BY on textual data
  • The ability to use indexes with LIKE clauses
  • The upper, lower, and initcap functions
  • The to_char family of functions

The drawback of using locales other than C or POSIX in Greenplum Database is its performance impact. It slows character handling and prevents ordinary indexes from being used by LIKE. For this reason use locales only if you actually need them.

Troubleshooting Locales

If locale support does not work as expected, check that the locale support in your operating system is correctly configured. To check what locales are installed on your system, you may use the command locale -a if your operating system provides it.

Check that Greenplum Database is actually using the locale that you think it is. LC_COLLATE and LC_CTYPE settings are determined at initialization time and cannot be changed without redoing gpinitsystem. Other locale settings including LC_MESSAGES and LC_MONETARY are initially determined by the operating system environment of the master and/or segment host, but can be changed after initialization by editing the postgresql.conf file of each Greenplum master and segment instance. You can check the active locale settings of the master host using the SHOW command. Note that every host in your Greenplum Database array should be using identical locale settings.

Character Set Support

The character set support in Greenplum Database allows you to store text in a variety of character sets, including single-byte character sets such as the ISO 8859 series and multiple-byte character sets such as EUC (Extended Unix Code), UTF-8, and Mule internal code. All supported character sets can be used transparently by clients, but a few are not supported for use within the server (that is, as a server-side encoding). The default character set is selected while initializing your Greenplum Database array using gpinitsystem. It can be overridden when you create a database, so you can have multiple databases each with a different character set.

Table 1. Greenplum Database Character Sets
Name Description Language Server? Bytes/Char Aliases
BIG5 Big Five Traditional Chinese No 1-2 WIN950, Windows950
EUC_CN Extended UNIX Code-CN Simplified Chinese Yes 1-3  
EUC_JP Extended UNIX Code-JP Japanese Yes 1-3  
EUC_KR Extended UNIX Code-KR Korean Yes 1-3  
EUC_TW Extended UNIX Code-TW Traditional Chinese, Taiwanese Yes 1-3  
GB18030 National Standard Chinese No 1-2  
GBK Extended National Standard Simplified Chinese No 1-2 WIN936, Windows936
ISO_8859_5 ISO 8859-5, ECMA 113 Latin/Cyrillic Yes 1  
ISO_8859_6 ISO 8859-6, ECMA 114 Latin/Arabic Yes 1  
ISO_8859_7 ISO 8859-7, ECMA 118 Latin/Greek Yes 1  
ISO_8859_8 ISO 8859-8, ECMA 121 Latin/Hebrew Yes 1  
JOHAB JOHA Korean (Hangul) Yes 1-3  
KOI8 KOI8-R(U) Cyrillic Yes 1 KOI8R
LATIN1 ISO 8859-1, ECMA 94 Western European Yes 1 ISO88591
LATIN2 ISO 8859-2, ECMA 94 Central European Yes 1 ISO88592
LATIN3 ISO 8859-3, ECMA 94 South European Yes 1 ISO88593
LATIN4 ISO 8859-4, ECMA 94 North European Yes 1 ISO88594
LATIN5 ISO 8859-9, ECMA 128 Turkish Yes 1 ISO88599
LATIN6 ISO 8859-10, ECMA 144 Nordic Yes 1 ISO885910
LATIN7 ISO 8859-13 Baltic Yes 1 ISO885913
LATIN8 ISO 8859-14 Celtic Yes 1 ISO885914
LATIN9 ISO 8859-15 LATIN1 with Euro and accents Yes 1 ISO885915
LATIN10 ISO 8859-16, ASRO SR 14111 Romanian Yes 1 ISO885916
MULE_INTERNAL Mule internal code Multilingual Emacs Yes 1-4  
SJIS Shift JIS Japanese No 1-2 Mskanji, ShiftJIS, WIN932, Windows932
SQL_ASCII unspecified2 any No 1  
UHC Unified Hangul Code Korean No 1-2 WIN949, Windows949
UTF8 Unicode, 8-bit all Yes 1-4 Unicode
WIN866 Windows CP866 Cyrillic Yes 1 ALT
WIN874 Windows CP874 Thai Yes 1  
WIN1250 Windows CP1250 Central European Yes 1  
WIN1251 Windows CP1251 Cyrillic Yes 1 WIN
WIN1252 Windows CP1252 Western European Yes 1  
WIN1253 Windows CP1253 Greek Yes 1  
WIN1254 Windows CP1254 Turkish Yes 1  
WIN1255 Windows CP1255 Hebrew Yes 1  
WIN1256 Windows CP1256 Arabic Yes 1  
WIN1257 Windows CP1257 Baltic Yes 1  
WIN1258 Windows CP1258 Vietnamese Yes 1 ABC, TCVN, TCVN5712, VSCII

Setting the Character Set

gpinitsystem defines the default character set for a Greenplum Database system by reading the setting of the ENCODING parameter in the gp_init_config file at initialization time. The default character set is UNICODE or UTF8.

You can create a database with a different character set besides what is used as the system-wide default. For example:

=> CREATE DATABASE korean WITH ENCODING 'EUC_KR';
Important: Although you can specify any encoding you want for a database, it is unwise to choose an encoding that is not what is expected by the locale you have selected. The LC_COLLATE and LC_CTYPE settings imply a particular encoding, and locale-dependent operations (such as sorting) are likely to misinterpret data that is in an incompatible encoding.

Since these locale settings are frozen by gpinitsystem, the apparent flexibility to use different encodings in different databases is more theoretical than real.

One way to use multiple encodings safely is to set the locale to C or POSIX during initialization time, thus disabling any real locale awareness.

Character Set Conversion Between Server and Client

Greenplum Database supports automatic character set conversion between server and client for certain character set combinations. The conversion information is stored in the master pg_conversion system catalog table. Greenplum Database comes with some predefined conversions or you can create a new conversion using the SQL command CREATE CONVERSION.

Table 2. Client/Server Character Set Conversions
Server Character Set Available Client Character Sets
BIG5 not supported as a server encoding
EUC_CN EUC_CN, MULE_INTERNAL, UTF8
EUC_JP EUC_JP, MULE_INTERNAL, SJIS, UTF8
EUC_KR EUC_KR, MULE_INTERNAL, UTF8
EUC_TW EUC_TW, BIG5, MULE_INTERNAL, UTF8
GB18030 not supported as a server encoding
GBK not supported as a server encoding
ISO_8859_5 ISO_8859_5, KOI8, MULE_INTERNAL, UTF8, WIN866, WIN1251
ISO_8859_6 ISO_8859_6, UTF8
ISO_8859_7 ISO_8859_7, UTF8
ISO_8859_8 ISO_8859_8, UTF8
JOHAB JOHAB, UTF8
KOI8 KOI8, ISO_8859_5, MULE_INTERNAL, UTF8, WIN866, WIN1251
LATIN1 LATIN1, MULE_INTERNAL, UTF8
LATIN2 LATIN2, MULE_INTERNAL, UTF8, WIN1250
LATIN3 LATIN3, MULE_INTERNAL, UTF8
LATIN4 LATIN4, MULE_INTERNAL, UTF8
LATIN5 LATIN5, UTF8
LATIN6 LATIN6, UTF8
LATIN7 LATIN7, UTF8
LATIN8 LATIN8, UTF8
LATIN9 LATIN9, UTF8
LATIN10 LATIN10, UTF8
MULE_INTERNAL MULE_INTERNAL, BIG5, EUC_CN, EUC_JP, EUC_KR, EUC_TW, ISO_8859_5, KOI8, LATIN1 to LATIN4, SJIS, WIN866, WIN1250, WIN1251
SJIS not supported as a server encoding
SQL_ASCII not supported as a server encoding
UHC not supported as a server encoding
UTF8 all supported encodings
WIN866 WIN866
ISO_8859_5 KOI8, MULE_INTERNAL, UTF8, WIN1251
WIN874 WIN874, UTF8
WIN1250 WIN1250, LATIN2, MULE_INTERNAL, UTF8
WIN1251 WIN1251, ISO_8859_5, KOI8, MULE_INTERNAL, UTF8, WIN866
WIN1252 WIN1252, UTF8
WIN1253 WIN1253, UTF8
WIN1254 WIN1254, UTF8
WIN1255 WIN1255, UTF8
WIN1256 WIN1256, UTF8
WIN1257 WIN1257, UTF8
WIN1258 WIN1258, UTF8

To enable automatic character set conversion, you have to tell Greenplum Database the character set (encoding) you would like to use in the client. There are several ways to accomplish this:

  • Using the \encoding command in psql, which allows you to change client encoding on the fly.
  • Using SET client_encoding TO. Setting the client encoding can be done with this SQL command:
    => SET CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'value';

    To query the current client encoding:

    => SHOW client_encoding;

    To return to the default encoding:

    => RESET client_encoding;
  • Using the PGCLIENTENCODING environment variable. When PGCLIENTENCODING is defined in the client's environment, that client encoding is automatically selected when a connection to the server is made. (This can subsequently be overridden using any of the other methods mentioned above.)
  • Setting the configuration parameter client_encoding. If client_encoding is set in the master postgresql.conf file, that client encoding is automatically selected when a connection to Greenplum Database is made. (This can subsequently be overridden using any of the other methods mentioned above.)

If the conversion of a particular character is not possible — suppose you chose EUC_JP for the server and LATIN1 for the client, then some Japanese characters do not have a representation in LATIN1 — then an error is reported.

If the client character set is defined as SQL_ASCII, encoding conversion is disabled, regardless of the server's character set. The use of SQL_ASCII is unwise unless you are working with all-ASCII data. SQL_ASCII is not supported as a server encoding.

1 Not all APIs support all the listed character sets. For example, the JDBC driver does not support MULE_INTERNAL, LATIN6, LATIN8, and LATIN10.
2 The SQL_ASCII setting behaves considerably differently from the other settings. Byte values 0-127 are interpreted according to the ASCII standard, while byte values 128-255 are taken as uninterpreted characters. If you are working with any non-ASCII data, it is unwise to use the SQL_ASCII setting as a client encoding. SQL_ASCII is not supported as a server encoding.