Drawing Straight Lines

In this example, we'll construct a small but fully functional gtkmm program and draw some lines into the window. The lines are drawn by creating a path and then stroking it. A path is created using the functions Cairo::Context::move_to() and Cairo::Context::line_to(). The function move_to() is similar to the act of lifting your pen off of the paper and placing it somewhere else -- no line is drawn between the point you were at and the point you moved to. To draw a line between two points, use the line_to() function.

After you've finished creating your path, you still haven't drawn anything visible yet. To make the path visible, you must use the function stroke() which will stroke the current path with the line width and style specified in your Cairo::Context object. After stroking, the current path will be cleared so that you can start on your next path.

图 17-1 Drawing Area - Lines

源代码

File: myarea.h (For use with gtkmm 3, not gtkmm 2)

#ifndef GTKMM_EXAMPLE_MYAREA_H
#define GTKMM_EXAMPLE_MYAREA_H

#include <gtkmm/drawingarea.h>

class MyArea : public Gtk::DrawingArea
{
public:
  MyArea();
  virtual ~MyArea();

protected:
  //Override default signal handler:
  virtual bool on_draw(const Cairo::RefPtr<Cairo::Context>& cr);
};

#endif // GTKMM_EXAMPLE_MYAREA_H

File: myarea.cc (For use with gtkmm 3, not gtkmm 2)

#include "myarea.h"
#include <cairomm/context.h>

MyArea::MyArea()
{
}

MyArea::~MyArea()
{
}

bool MyArea::on_draw(const Cairo::RefPtr<Cairo::Context>& cr)
{
  Gtk::Allocation allocation = get_allocation();
  const int width = allocation.get_width();
  const int height = allocation.get_height();

  // coordinates for the center of the window
  int xc, yc;
  xc = width / 2;
  yc = height / 2;

  cr->set_line_width(10.0);

  // draw red lines out from the center of the window
  cr->set_source_rgb(0.8, 0.0, 0.0);
  cr->move_to(0, 0);
  cr->line_to(xc, yc);
  cr->line_to(0, height);
  cr->move_to(xc, yc);
  cr->line_to(width, yc);
  cr->stroke();

  return true;
}

File: main.cc (For use with gtkmm 3, not gtkmm 2)

#include "myarea.h"
#include <gtkmm/application.h>
#include <gtkmm/window.h>

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
   Glib::RefPtr<Gtk::Application> app = Gtk::Application::create(argc, argv, "org.gtkmm.example");

   Gtk::Window win;
   win.set_title("DrawingArea");

   MyArea area;
   win.add(area);
   area.show();

   return app->run(win);
}

This program contains a single class, MyArea, which is a subclass of Gtk::DrawingArea and contains an on_draw() member function. This function is called whenever the image in the drawing area needs to be redrawn. It is passed a Cairo::RefPtr pointer to a Cairo::Context that we use for the drawing. The actual drawing code sets the color we want to use for drawing by using set_source_rgb() which takes arguments defining the Red, Green, and Blue components of the desired color (valid values are between 0 and 1). After setting the color, we created a new path using the functions move_to() and line_to(), and then stroked this path with stroke().

In addition to drawing basic straight lines, there are a number of things that you can customize about a line. You've already seen examples of setting a line's color and width, but there are others as well.

If you've drawn a series of lines that form a path, you may want them to join together in a certain way. Cairo offers three different ways to join lines together: Miter, Bevel, and Round. These are show below:

图 17-2 Different join types in Cairo

The line join style is set using the function Cairo::Context::set_line_join().

Line ends can have different styles as well. The default style is for the line to start and stop exactly at the destination points of the line. This is called a Butt cap. The other options are Round (uses a round ending, with the center of the circle at the end point) or Square (uses a squared ending, with the center of the square at the end point). This setting is set using the function Cairo::Context::set_line_cap().

There are other things you can customize as well, including creating dashed lines and other things. For more information, see the Cairo API documentation.

If you try to draw one pixel wide lines, you may notice that the line sometimes comes up blurred and wider than it ought to be. This happens because Cairo will try to draw from the selected position, to both sides (half to each), so if you're positioned right on the intersection of the pixels, and want a one pixel wide line, Cairo will try to use half of each adjacent pixel, which isn't possible (a pixel is the smallest unit possible). This happens when the width of the line is an odd number of pixels (not just one pixel).

The trick is to position in the middle of the pixel where you want the line to be drawn, and thus guaranteeing you get the desired results. See Cairo FAQ.

图 17-3 Drawing Area - Thin Lines

源代码

File: myarea.h (For use with gtkmm 3, not gtkmm 2)

#ifndef GTKMM_EXAMPLE_MYAREA_H
#define GTKMM_EXAMPLE_MYAREA_H

#include <gtkmm/drawingarea.h>

class MyArea : public Gtk::DrawingArea
{
public:
  MyArea();
  virtual ~MyArea();

  void fix_lines(bool fix = true);
  void force_redraw();

protected:
  //Override default signal handler:
  virtual bool on_draw(const Cairo::RefPtr<Cairo::Context>& cr);

private:
  double m_fix;
};

#endif // GTKMM_EXAMPLE_MYAREA_H

File: examplewindow.h (For use with gtkmm 3, not gtkmm 2)

#ifndef GTKMM_EXAMPLEWINDOW_H
#define GTKMM_EXAMPLEWINDOW_H

#include <gtkmm/window.h>
#include <gtkmm/grid.h>
#include <gtkmm/checkbutton.h>
#include "myarea.h"

class ExampleWindow : public Gtk::Window
{
public:
  ExampleWindow();
  virtual ~ExampleWindow();

protected:
  //Signal handlers:
  void on_button_toggled();

private:
  Gtk::Grid m_Container;
  MyArea m_Area_Lines;
  Gtk::CheckButton m_Button_FixLines;
};

#endif //GTKMM_EXAMPLEWINDOW_H

File: myarea.cc (For use with gtkmm 3, not gtkmm 2)

#include "myarea.h"

MyArea::MyArea()
: m_fix (0)
{
  set_size_request (200, 100);
}

MyArea::~MyArea()
{
}

bool MyArea::on_draw(const Cairo::RefPtr<Cairo::Context>& cr)
{
  Gtk::Allocation allocation = get_allocation();
  const int width = allocation.get_width();
  const int height = allocation.get_height();

  cr->set_line_width(1.0);

  // draw one line, every two pixels
  // without the 'fix', you won't notice any space between the lines,
  // since each one will occupy two pixels (width)
  for (int i = 0; i < width; i += 2)
  {
    cr->move_to(i + m_fix, 0);
    cr->line_to(i + m_fix, height);
  }

  cr->stroke();

  return true;
}

// Toogle between both values (0 or 0.5)
void MyArea::fix_lines(bool fix)
{
  // to get the width right, we have to draw in the middle of the pixel
  m_fix = fix ? 0.5 : 0.0;

  force_redraw();
}

// force the redraw of the image
void MyArea::force_redraw()
{
  Glib::RefPtr<Gdk::Window> win = get_window();
  if (win)
  {
    Gdk::Rectangle r(0, 0, get_allocation().get_width(), get_allocation().get_height());
    win->invalidate_rect(r, false);
  }
}

File: examplewindow.cc (For use with gtkmm 3, not gtkmm 2)

#include "examplewindow.h"

ExampleWindow::ExampleWindow()
: m_Button_FixLines("Fix lines")
{
  set_title("Thin lines example");

  m_Container.set_orientation(Gtk::ORIENTATION_HORIZONTAL);

  m_Container.add(m_Area_Lines);
  m_Container.add(m_Button_FixLines);

  add(m_Container);

  m_Button_FixLines.signal_toggled().connect(
    sigc::mem_fun(*this, &ExampleWindow::on_button_toggled));

  // Synchonize the drawing in m_Area_Lines with the state of the toggle button.
  on_button_toggled();

  show_all_children();
}

ExampleWindow::~ExampleWindow()
{
}

void ExampleWindow::on_button_toggled()
{
  m_Area_Lines.fix_lines(m_Button_FixLines.get_active());
}

File: main.cc (For use with gtkmm 3, not gtkmm 2)

#include "examplewindow.h"
#include <gtkmm/application.h>

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
  Glib::RefPtr<Gtk::Application> app = Gtk::Application::create(argc, argv, "org.gtkmm.example");

  ExampleWindow window;

  //Shows the window and returns when it is closed.
  return app->run(window);
}