Contents
An HTML 4 document is composed of three parts:
White space (spaces, newlines, tabs, and comments) may appear before or after each section. Sections 2 and 3 should be delimited by the HTML element.
Here's an example of a simple HTML document:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>My first HTML document</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<P>Hello world!
</BODY>
</HTML>
A valid HTML document declares what version of HTML is used in the document. The document type declaration names the document type definition (DTD) in use for the document (see [ISO8879]).
HTML 4.01 specifies three DTDs, so authors must include one of the following document type declarations in their documents. The DTDs vary in the elements they support.
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Frameset//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/frameset.dtd">
The URI in each document type declaration allows user agents to download the DTD and any entity sets that are needed. The following (relative) URIs refer to DTDs and entity sets for HTML 4:
The binding between public identifiers and files can be specified using a catalog file following the format recommended by the Oasis Open Consortium (see [OASISOPEN]). A sample catalog file for HTML 4.01 is included at the beginning of the section on SGML reference information for HTML. The last two letters of the declaration indicate the language of the DTD. For HTML, this is always English ("EN").
Note. As of the 24 December version of HTML 4.01, the HTML Working Group commits to the following policy:
This means that in a document type declaration, authors may safely use a system identifier that refers to the latest version of an HTML 4 DTD. Authors may also choose to use a system identifier that refers to a specific (dated) version of an HTML 4 DTD when validation to that particular DTD is required. W3C will make every effort to make archival documents indefinitely available at their original address in their original form.
<!ENTITY % html.content "HEAD, BODY"> <!ELEMENT HTML O O (%html.content;) -- document root element --> <!ATTLIST HTML %i18n; -- lang, dir -- >
Start tag: optional, End tag: optional
Attribute definitions
Attributes defined elsewhere
After document type declaration, the remainder of an HTML document is contained by the HTML element. Thus, a typical HTML document has this structure:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"> <HTML> ...The head, body, etc. goes here... </HTML>
<!-- %head.misc; defined earlier on as "SCRIPT|STYLE|META|LINK|OBJECT" --> <!ENTITY % head.content "TITLE & BASE?"> <!ELEMENT HEAD O O (%head.content;) +(%head.misc;) -- document head --> <!ATTLIST HEAD %i18n; -- lang, dir -- profile %URI; #IMPLIED -- named dictionary of meta info -- >
Start tag: optional, End tag: optional
Attribute definitions
Attributes defined elsewhere
The HEAD element contains information about the current document, such as its title, keywords that may be useful to search engines, and other data that is not considered document content. User agents do not generally render elements that appear in the HEAD as content. They may, however, make information in the HEAD available to users through other mechanisms.
<!-- The TITLE element is not considered part of the flow of text.
It should be displayed, for example as the page header or
window title. Exactly one title is required per document.
-->
<!ELEMENT TITLE - - (#PCDATA) -(%head.misc;) -- document title -->
<!ATTLIST TITLE %i18n>
Start tag: required, End tag: required
Attributes defined elsewhere
Every HTML document must have a TITLE element in the HEAD section.
Authors should use the TITLE element to identify the contents of a document. Since users often consult documents out of context, authors should provide context-rich titles. Thus, instead of a title such as "Introduction", which doesn't provide much contextual background, authors should supply a title such as "Introduction to Medieval Bee-Keeping" instead.
For reasons of accessibility, user agents must always make the content of the TITLE element available to users (including TITLE elements that occur in frames). The mechanism for doing so depends on the user agent (e.g., as a caption, spoken).
Titles may contain character entities (for accented characters, special characters, etc.), but may not contain other markup (including comments). Here is a sample document title:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"> <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>A study of population dynamics</TITLE> ... other head elements... </HEAD> <BODY> ... document body... </BODY> </HTML>
Attribute definitions
Unlike the TITLE element, which provides information about an entire document and may only appear once, the title attribute may annotate any number of elements. Please consult an element's definition to verify that it supports this attribute.
Values of the title attribute may be rendered by user agents in a variety of ways. For instance, visual browsers frequently display the title as a "tool tip" (a short message that appears when the pointing device pauses over an object). Audio user agents may speak the title information in a similar context. For example, setting the attribute on a link allows user agents (visual and non-visual) to tell users about the nature of the linked resource:
...some text... Here's a photo of <A href="http://someplace.com/neatstuff.gif" title="Me scuba diving"> me scuba diving last summer </A> ...some more text...
The title attribute has an additional role when used with the LINK element to designate an external style sheet. Please consult the section on links and style sheets for details.
Note. To improve the quality of speech synthesis for cases handled poorly by standard techniques, future versions of HTML may include an attribute for encoding phonemic and prosodic information.
Note. The W3C Resource Description Framework (see [RDF10]) became a W3C Recommendation in February 1999. RDF allows authors to specify machine-readable metadata about HTML documents and other network-accessible resources.
HTML lets authors specify meta data -- information about a document rather than document content -- in a variety of ways.
For example, to specify the author of a document, one may use the META element as follows:
<META name="Author" content="Dave Raggett">
The META element specifies a property (here "Author") and assigns a value to it (here "Dave Raggett").
This specification does not define a set of legal meta data properties. The meaning of a property and the set of legal values for that property should be defined in a reference lexicon called a profile. For example, a profile designed to help search engines index documents might define properties such as "author", "copyright", "keywords", etc.
In general, specifying meta data involves two steps:
Note that since a profile is defined for the HEAD element, the same profile applies to all META and LINK elements in the document head.
User agents are not required to support meta data mechanisms. For those that choose to support meta data, this specification does not define how meta data should be interpreted.
<!ELEMENT META - O EMPTY -- generic metainformation --> <!ATTLIST META %i18n; -- lang, dir, for use with content -- http-equiv NAME #IMPLIED -- HTTP response header name -- name NAME #IMPLIED -- metainformation name -- content CDATA #REQUIRED -- associated information -- scheme CDATA #IMPLIED -- select form of content -- >
Start tag: required, End tag: forbidden
Attribute definitions
For the following attributes, the permitted values and their interpretation are profile dependent:
Attributes defined elsewhere
The META element can be used to identify properties of a document (e.g., author, expiration date, a list of key words, etc.) and assign values to those properties. This specification does not define a normative set of properties.
Each META element specifies a property/value pair. The name attribute identifies the property and the content attribute specifies the property's value.
For example, the following declaration sets a value for the Author property:
<META name="Author" content="Dave Raggett">
The lang attribute can be used with META to specify the language for the value of the content attribute. This enables speech synthesizers to apply language dependent pronunciation rules.
In this example, the author's name is declared to be French:
<META name="Author" lang="fr" content="Arnaud Le Hors">
Note. The META element is a generic mechanism for specifying meta data. However, some HTML elements and attributes already handle certain pieces of meta data and may be used by authors instead of META to specify those pieces: the TITLE element, the ADDRESS element, the INS and DEL elements, the title attribute, and the cite attribute.
Note. When a property specified by a META element takes a value that is a URI, some authors prefer to specify the meta data via the LINK element. Thus, the following meta data declaration:
<META name="DC.identifier"
content="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1866.txt">
might also be written:
<LINK rel="DC.identifier"
type="text/plain"
href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1866.txt">
The http-equiv attribute can be used in place of the name attribute and has a special significance when documents are retrieved via the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). HTTP servers may use the property name specified by the http-equiv attribute to create an [RFC822]-style header in the HTTP response. Please see the HTTP specification ([RFC2616]) for details on valid HTTP headers.
The following sample META declaration:
<META http-equiv="Expires" content="Tue, 20 Aug 1996 14:25:27 GMT">
will result in the HTTP header:
Expires: Tue, 20 Aug 1996 14:25:27 GMT
This can be used by caches to determine when to fetch a fresh copy of the associated document.
Note. Some user agents support the use of META to refresh the current page after a specified number of seconds, with the option of replacing it by a different URI. Authors should not use this technique to forward users to different pages, as this makes the page inaccessible to some users. Instead, automatic page forwarding should be done using server-side redirects.
A common use for META is to specify keywords that a search engine may use to improve the quality of search results. When several META elements provide language-dependent information about a document, search engines may filter on the lang attribute to display search results using the language preferences of the user. For example,
<-- For speakers of US English -->
<META name="keywords" lang="en-us"
content="vacation, Greece, sunshine">
<-- For speakers of British English -->
<META name="keywords" lang="en"
content="holiday, Greece, sunshine">
<-- For speakers of French -->
<META name="keywords" lang="fr"
content="vacances, Grèce, soleil">
The effectiveness of search engines can also be increased by using the LINK element to specify links to translations of the document in other languages, links to versions of the document in other media (e.g., PDF), and, when the document is part of a collection, links to an appropriate starting point for browsing the collection.
Further help is provided in the section on helping search engines index your Web site.
This example illustrates how one can use a META declaration to include a PICS 1.1 label:
<HEAD>
<META http-equiv="PICS-Label" content='
(PICS-1.1 "http://www.gcf.org/v2.5"
labels on "1994.11.05T08:15-0500"
until "1995.12.31T23:59-0000"
for "http://w3.org/PICS/Overview.html"
ratings (suds 0.5 density 0 color/hue 1))
'>
<TITLE>... document title ...</TITLE>
</HEAD>
The META element may be used to specify the default information for a document in the following instances:
The following example specifies the character encoding for a document as being ISO-8859-5
<META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-5">
This example refers to a hypothetical profile that defines useful properties for document indexing. The properties defined by this profile -- including "author", "copyright", "keywords", and "date" -- have their values set by subsequent META declarations.
<HEAD profile="http://www.acme.com/profiles/core"> <TITLE>How to complete Memorandum cover sheets</TITLE> <META name="author" content="John Doe"> <META name="copyright" content="© 1997 Acme Corp."> <META name="keywords" content="corporate,guidelines,cataloging"> <META name="date" content="1994-11-06T08:49:37+00:00"> </HEAD>
As this specification is being written, it is common practice to use the date formats described in [RFC2616], section 3.3. As these formats are relatively hard to process, we recommend that authors use the [ISO8601] date format. For more information, see the sections on the INS and DEL elements.
The scheme attribute allows authors to provide user agents more context for the correct interpretation of meta data. At times, such additional information may be critical, as when meta data may be specified in different formats. For example, an author might specify a date in the (ambiguous) format "10-9-97"; does this mean 9 October 1997 or 10 September 1997? The scheme attribute value "Month-Day-Year" would disambiguate this date value.
At other times, the scheme attribute may provide helpful but non-critical information to user agents.
For example, the following scheme declaration may help a user agent determine that the value of the "identifier" property is an ISBN code number:
<META scheme="ISBN" name="identifier" content="0-8230-2355-9">
Values for the scheme attribute depend on the property name and the associated profile.
Note. One sample profile is the Dublin Core (see [DCORE]). This profile defines a set of recommended properties for electronic bibliographic descriptions, and is intended to promote interoperability among disparate description models.
<!ELEMENT BODY O O (%block;|SCRIPT)+ +(INS|DEL) -- document body --> <!ATTLIST BODY %attrs; -- %coreattrs, %i18n, %events -- onload %Script; #IMPLIED -- the document has been loaded -- onunload %Script; #IMPLIED -- the document has been removed -- >
Start tag: optional, End tag: optional
Attribute definitions
Attributes defined elsewhere
The body of a document contains the document's content. The content may be presented by a user agent in a variety of ways. For example, for visual browsers, you can think of the body as a canvas where the content appears: text, images, colors, graphics, etc. For audio user agents, the same content may be spoken. Since style sheets are now the preferred way to specify a document's presentation, the presentational attributes of BODY have been deprecated.
DEPRECATED EXAMPLE:
The following HTML fragment illustrates the use of the deprecated attributes. It sets the background
color of the canvas to white, the text foreground color to black, and the color
of hyperlinks to red initially, fuchsia when activated, and maroon once
visited.
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>A study of population dynamics</TITLE> </HEAD> <BODY bgcolor="white" text="black" link="red" alink="fuchsia" vlink="maroon"> ... document body... </BODY> </HTML>
Using style sheets, the same effect could be accomplished as follows:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>A study of population dynamics</TITLE>
<STYLE type="text/css">
BODY { background: white; color: black}
A:link { color: red }
A:visited { color: maroon }
A:active { color: fuchsia }
</STYLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
... document body...
</BODY>
</HTML>
Using external (linked) style sheets gives you the flexibility to change the presentation without revising the source HTML document:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"> <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>A study of population dynamics</TITLE> <LINK rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="smartstyle.css"> </HEAD> <BODY> ... document body... </BODY> </HTML>
Framesets and HTML bodies. Documents that contain framesets replace the BODY element by the FRAMESET element. Please consult the section on frames for more information.
Attribute definitions
<P id="myparagraph"> This is a uniquely named paragraph.</P> <P id="yourparagraph"> This is also a uniquely named paragraph.</P>
The id attribute has several roles in HTML:
The class attribute, on the other hand, assigns one or more class names to an element; the element may be said to belong to these classes. A class name may be shared by several element instances. The class attribute has several roles in HTML:
In the following example, the SPAN element is used in conjunction with the id and class attributes to markup document messages. Messages appear in both English and French versions.
<!-- English messages --> <P><SPAN id="msg1" class="info" lang="en">Variable declared twice</SPAN> <P><SPAN id="msg2" class="warning" lang="en">Undeclared variable</SPAN> <P><SPAN id="msg3" class="error" lang="en">Bad syntax for variable name</SPAN>
<!-- French messages --> <P><SPAN id="msg1" class="info" lang="fr">Variable déclarée deux fois</SPAN> <P><SPAN id="msg2" class="warning" lang="fr">Variable indéfinie</SPAN> <P><SPAN id="msg3" class="error" lang="fr">Erreur de syntaxe pour variable</SPAN>
The following CSS style rules would tell visual user agents to display informational messages in green, warning messages in yellow, and error messages in red:
SPAN.info { color: green }
SPAN.warning { color: yellow }
SPAN.error { color: red }
Note that the French "msg1" and the English "msg1" may not appear in the same document since they share the same id value. Authors may make further use of the id attribute to refine the presentation of individual messages, make them target anchors, etc.
Almost every HTML element may be assigned identifier and class information.
Suppose, for example, that we are writing a document about a programming language. The document is to include a number of preformatted examples. We use the PRE element to format the examples. We also assign a background color (green) to all instances of the PRE element belonging to the class "example".
<HEAD>
<TITLE>... document title ...</TITLE>
<STYLE type="text/css">
PRE.example { background : green }
</STYLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<PRE class="example" id="example-1">
...example code here...
</PRE>
</BODY>
By setting the id attribute for this example, we can (1) create a hyperlink to it and (2) override class style information with instance style information.
Note. The id attribute shares the same name space as the name attribute when used for anchor names. Please consult the section on anchors with id for more information.
Certain HTML elements that may appear in BODY are said to be "block-level" while others are "inline" (also known as "text level"). The distinction is founded on several notions:
Style sheets provide the means to specify the rendering of arbitrary elements, including whether an element is rendered as block or inline. In some cases, such as an inline style for list elements, this may be appropriate, but generally speaking, authors are discouraged from overriding the conventional interpretation of HTML elements in this way.
The alteration of the traditional presentation idioms for block level and inline elements also has an impact on the bidirectional text algorithm. See the section on the effect of style sheets on bidirectionality for more information.
<!ELEMENT DIV - - (%flow;)* -- generic language/style container --> <!ATTLIST DIV %attrs; -- %coreattrs, %i18n, %events -- > <!ELEMENT SPAN - - (%inline;)* -- generic language/style container --> <!ATTLIST SPAN %attrs; -- %coreattrs, %i18n, %events -- >
Start tag: required, End tag: required
Attributes defined elsewhere
The DIV and SPAN elements, in conjunction with the id and class attributes, offer a generic mechanism for adding structure to documents. These elements define content to be inline (SPAN) or block-level (DIV) but impose no other presentational idioms on the content. Thus, authors may use these elements in conjunction with style sheets, the lang attribute, etc., to tailor HTML to their own needs and tastes.
Suppose, for example, that we wanted to generate an HTML document based on a database of client information. Since HTML does not include elements that identify objects such as "client", "telephone number", "email address", etc., we use DIV and SPAN to achieve the desired structural and presentational effects. We might use the TABLE element as follows to structure the information:
<!-- Example of data from the client database: --> <!-- Name: Stephane Boyera, Tel: (212) 555-1212, Email: [email protected] --> <DIV id="client-boyera" class="client"> <P><SPAN class="client-title">Client information:</SPAN> <TABLE class="client-data"> <TR><TH>Last name:<TD>Boyera</TR> <TR><TH>First name:<TD>Stephane</TR> <TR><TH>Tel:<TD>(212) 555-1212</TR> <TR><TH>Email:<TD>[email protected]</TR> </TABLE> </DIV> <DIV id="client-lafon" class="client"> <P><SPAN class="client-title">Client information:</SPAN> <TABLE class="client-data"> <TR><TH>Last name:<TD>Lafon</TR> <TR><TH>First name:<TD>Yves</TR> <TR><TH>Tel:<TD>(617) 555-1212</TR> <TR><TH>Email:<TD>[email protected]</TR> </TABLE> </DIV>
Later, we may easily add style sheet declarations to fine tune the presentation of these database entries.
For another example of usage, please consult the example in the section on the class and id attributes.
Visual user agents generally place a line break before and after DIV elements, for instance:
<P>aaaaaaaaa<DIV>bbbbbbbbb</DIV><DIV>ccccc<P>ccccc</DIV>
which is typically rendered as:
aaaaaaaaa bbbbbbbbb ccccc ccccc
<!ENTITY % heading "H1|H2|H3|H4|H5|H6"> <!-- There are six levels of headings from H1 (the most important) to H6 (the least important). --> <!ELEMENT (%heading;) - - (%inline;)* -- heading --> <!ATTLIST (%heading;) %attrs; -- %coreattrs, %i18n, %events -- >
Start tag: required, End tag: required
Attributes defined elsewhere
A heading element briefly describes the topic of the section it introduces. Heading information may be used by user agents, for example, to construct a table of contents for a document automatically.
There are six levels of headings in HTML with H1 as the most important and H6 as the least. Visual browsers usually render more important headings in larger fonts than less important ones.
The following example shows how to use the DIV element to associate a heading with the document section that follows it. Doing so allows you to define a style for the section (color the background, set the font, etc.) with style sheets.
<DIV class="section" id="forest-elephants" > <H1>Forest elephants</H1> <P>In this section, we discuss the lesser known forest elephants. ...this section continues... <DIV class="subsection" id="forest-habitat" > <H2>Habitat</H2> <P>Forest elephants do not live in trees but among them. ...this subsection continues... </DIV> </DIV>
This structure may be decorated with style information such as:
<HEAD>
<TITLE>... document title ...</TITLE>
<STYLE type="text/css">
DIV.section { text-align: justify; font-size: 12pt}
DIV.subsection { text-indent: 2em }
H1 { font-style: italic; color: green }
H2 { color: green }
</STYLE>
</HEAD>
Numbered sections and references
HTML does not itself cause section numbers
to be generated from headings. This facility may be offered by user agents,
however. Soon, style sheet languages such as CSS will allow authors to control
the generation of section numbers (handy for forward references in printed
documents, as in "See section 7.2").
Some people consider skipping heading levels to be bad practice. They accept H1 H2 H1 while they do not accept H1 H3 H1 since the heading level H2 is skipped.
<!ELEMENT ADDRESS - - (%inline;)* -- information on author --> <!ATTLIST ADDRESS %attrs; -- %coreattrs, %i18n, %events -- >
Start tag: required, End tag: required
Attributes defined elsewhere
The ADDRESS element may be used by authors to supply contact information for a document or a major part of a document such as a form. This element often appears at the beginning or end of a document.
For example, a page at the W3C Web site related to HTML might include the following contact information:
<ADDRESS> <A href="../People/Raggett/">Dave Raggett</A>, <A href="../People/Arnaud/">Arnaud Le Hors</A>, contact persons for the <A href="Activity">W3C HTML Activity</A><BR> $Date: 1999/12/24 23:07:14 $ </ADDRESS>