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Module os
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Module os

source code

OS routines for Mac, DOS, NT, or Posix depending on what system we're on.

This exports: Programs that import and use 'os' stand a better chance of being portable between different platforms. Of course, they must then only use functions that are defined by all platforms (e.g., unlink and opendir), and leave all pathname manipulation to os.path (e.g., split and join).

Classes [hide private]
  _Environ
  error
OS system call failed.
  stat_result
stat_result: Result from stat or lstat.
  statvfs_result
statvfs_result: Result from statvfs or fstatvfs.
Functions [hide private]
 
WCOREDUMP(status)
Return True if the process returning 'status' was dumped to a core file.
 
WEXITSTATUS(status)
Return the process return code from 'status'.
 
WIFCONTINUED(status)
Return True if the process returning 'status' was continued from a job control stop.
 
WIFEXITED(status)
Return true if the process returning 'status' exited using the exit() system call.
 
WIFSIGNALED(status)
Return True if the process returning 'status' was terminated by a signal.
 
WIFSTOPPED(status)
Return True if the process returning 'status' was stopped.
 
WSTOPSIG(status)
Return the signal that stopped the process that provided the 'status' value.
 
WTERMSIG(status)
Return the signal that terminated the process that provided the 'status' value.
 
_execvpe(file, args, env=None) source code
 
_exists(name) source code
 
_get_exports_list(module) source code
 
_make_stat_result(tup, dict) source code
 
_make_statvfs_result(tup, dict) source code
 
_pickle_stat_result(sr) source code
 
_pickle_statvfs_result(sr) source code
 
_spawnvef(mode, file, args, env, func) source code
 
abort()
Abort the interpreter immediately.
 
access(path, mode)
Use the real uid/gid to test for access to a path.
 
chdir(path)
Change the current working directory to the specified path.
 
chmod(path, mode)
Change the access permissions of a file.
 
chown(path, uid, gid)
Change the owner and group id of path to the numeric uid and gid.
 
chroot(path)
Change root directory to path.
 
close(fd)
Close a file descriptor (for low level IO).
 
confstr(name)
Return a string-valued system configuration variable.
 
ctermid()
Return the name of the controlling terminal for this process.
 
dup(fd)
Return a duplicate of a file descriptor.
 
dup2(old_fd, new_fd)
Duplicate file descriptor.
 
execl(file, *args)
Execute the executable file with argument list args, replacing the current process.		 source code
 
execle(file, env, *args)
Execute the executable file with argument list args and environment env, replacing the current process.		 source code
 
execlp(file, *args)
Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH) with argument list args, replacing the current process.		 source code
 
execlpe(file, env, *args)
Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH) with argument list args and environment env, replacing the current process.		 source code
 
execv(path, args)
Execute an executable path with arguments, replacing current process.
 
execve(path, args, env)
Execute a path with arguments and environment, replacing current process.
 
execvp(file, args)
Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH) with argument list args, replacing the current process.		 source code
 
execvpe(file, args, env)
Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH) with argument list args and environment env , replacing the current process.		 source code
 
fchdir(fildes)
Change to the directory of the given file descriptor.
 
fdopen(fd, mode='r' , bufsize=...)
Return an open file object connected to a file descriptor.
 
fork()
Fork a child process.
 
forkpty()
Fork a new process with a new pseudo-terminal as controlling tty.
 
fpathconf(fd, name)
Return the configuration limit name for the file descriptor fd.
 
fstat(fd)
Like stat(), but for an open file descriptor.
 
fstatvfs(fd)
Perform an fstatvfs system call on the given fd.
 
fsync(fildes)
force write of file with filedescriptor to disk.
 
ftruncate(fd, length)
Truncate a file to a specified length.
 
getcwd()
Return a string representing the current working directory.
 
getcwdu()
Return a unicode string representing the current working directory.
 
getegid()
Return the current process's effective group id.
 
getenv(key, default=None)
Get an environment variable, return None if it doesn't exist.		 source code
 
geteuid()
Return the current process's effective user id.
 
getgid()
Return the current process's group id.
 
getgroups()
Return list of supplemental group IDs for the process.
 
getloadavg()
Return the number of processes in the system run queue averaged over the last 1, 5, and 15 minutes or raises OSError if the load average was unobtainable
 
getlogin()
Return the actual login name.
 
getpgid(pid)
Call the system call getpgid().
 
getpgrp()
Return the current process group id.
 
getpid()
Return the current process id
 
getppid()
Return the parent's process id.
 
getsid(pid)
Call the system call getsid().
 
getuid()
Return the current process's user id.
 
isatty(fd)
Return True if the file descriptor 'fd' is an open file descriptor connected to the slave end of a terminal.
 
kill(pid, sig)
Kill a process with a signal.
 
killpg(pgid, sig)
Kill a process group with a signal.
 
lchown(path, uid, gid)
Change the owner and group id of path to the numeric uid and gid.
 
link(src, dst)
Create a hard link to a file.
 
listdir(path)
Return a list containing the names of the entries in the directory.
 
lseek(fd, pos, how)
Set the current position of a file descriptor.
 
lstat(path)
Like stat(path), but do not follow symbolic links.
 
major(device)
Extracts a device major number from a raw device number.
 
makedev(major, minor)
Composes a raw device number from the major and minor device numbers.
 
makedirs(path, mode=0777)
Super-mkdir; create a leaf directory and all intermediate ones.		 source code
 
minor(device)
Extracts a device minor number from a raw device number.
 
mkdir(path, mode=0777)
Create a directory.
 
mkfifo(filename, mode=0666)
Create a FIFO (a POSIX named pipe).
 
mknod(filename, mode=0600, device=...)
Create a filesystem node (file, device special file or named pipe) named filename.
 
nice(inc)
Decrease the priority of process by inc and return the new priority.
 
open(filename, flag, mode=0777)
Open a file (for low level IO).
 
openpty()
Open a pseudo-terminal, returning open fd's for both master and slave end.
 
pathconf(path, name)
Return the configuration limit name for the file or directory path.
 
pipe()
Create a pipe.
 
popen(command, mode='r' , bufsize=...)
Open a pipe to/from a command returning a file object.
 
popen2(cmd, mode='t', bufsize=-1)
Execute the shell command 'cmd' in a sub-process.		 source code
 
popen3(cmd, mode='t', bufsize=-1)
Execute the shell command 'cmd' in a sub-process.		 source code
 
popen4(cmd, mode='t', bufsize=-1)
Execute the shell command 'cmd' in a sub-process.		 source code
 
putenv(key, value)
Change or add an environment variable.
 
read(fd, buffersize)
Read a file descriptor.
 
readlink(path)
Return a string representing the path to which the symbolic link points.
 
remove(path)
Remove a file (same as unlink(path)).
 
removedirs(path)
Super-rmdir; remove a leaf directory and empty all intermediate ones.		 source code
 
rename(old, new)
Rename a file or directory.
 
renames(old, new)
Super-rename; create directories as necessary and delete any left empty.		 source code
 
rmdir(path)
Remove a directory.
 
setegid(gid)
Set the current process's effective group id.
 
seteuid(uid)
Set the current process's effective user id.
 
setgid(gid)
Set the current process's group id.
 
setgroups(list)
Set the groups of the current process to list.
 
setpgid(pid, pgrp)
Call the system call setpgid().
 
setpgrp()
Make this process a session leader.
 
setregid(rgid, egid)
Set the current process's real and effective group ids.
 
setreuid(ruid, euid)
Set the current process's real and effective user ids.
 
setsid()
Call the system call setsid().
 
setuid(uid)
Set the current process's user id.
 
spawnl(mode, file, *args)
Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess.		 source code
 
spawnle(mode, file, env, *args)
Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess with the supplied environment.		 source code
 
spawnlp(mode, file, *args)
Execute file (which is looked for along $PATH) with arguments from args in a subprocess with the supplied environment.		 source code
 
spawnlpe(mode, file, env, *args)
Execute file (which is looked for along $PATH) with arguments from args in a subprocess with the supplied environment.		 source code
 
spawnv(mode, file, args)
Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess.		 source code
 
spawnve(mode, file, args, env)
Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess with the specified environment.		 source code
 
spawnvp(mode, file, args)
Execute file (which is looked for along $PATH) with arguments from args in a subprocess.		 source code
 
spawnvpe(mode, file, args, env)
Execute file (which is looked for along $PATH) with arguments from args in a subprocess with the supplied environment.		 source code
 
stat(path)
Perform a stat system call on the given path.
 
stat_float_times(newval=...)
Determine whether os.[lf]stat represents time stamps as float objects.
 
statvfs(path)
Perform a statvfs system call on the given path.
 
strerror(code)
Translate an error code to a message string.
 
symlink(src, dst)
Create a symbolic link pointing to src named dst.
 
sysconf(name)
Return an integer-valued system configuration variable.
 
system(command)
Execute the command (a string) in a subshell.
 
tcgetpgrp(fd)
Return the process group associated with the terminal given by a fd.
 
tcsetpgrp(fd, pgid)
Set the process group associated with the terminal given by a fd.
 
tempnam(dir=..., prefix=...)
Return a unique name for a temporary file.
 
times()
Return a tuple of floating point numbers indicating process times.
 
tmpfile()
Create a temporary file with no directory entries.
 
tmpnam()
Return a unique name for a temporary file.
 
ttyname(fd)
Return the name of the terminal device connected to 'fd'.
 
umask(new_mask)
Set the current numeric umask and return the previous umask.
 
uname()
Return a tuple identifying the current operating system.
 
unlink(path)
Remove a file (same as remove(path)).
 
unsetenv(key)
Delete an environment variable.
 
urandom(n)
Return a string of n random bytes suitable for cryptographic use.		 source code
 
utime(...)
utime(path, (atime, utime)) utime(path, None)
 
wait()
Wait for completion of a child process.
 
waitpid(pid, options)
Wait for completion of a given child process.
 
walk(top, topdown=True, onerror=None)
Directory tree generator.		 source code
 
write(fd, string)
Write a string to a file descriptor.
Variables [hide private]
  EX_CANTCREAT = 73
  EX_CONFIG = 78
  EX_DATAERR = 65
  EX_IOERR = 74
  EX_NOHOST = 68
  EX_NOINPUT = 66
  EX_NOPERM = 77
  EX_NOUSER = 67
  EX_OK = 0
  EX_OSERR = 71
  EX_OSFILE = 72
  EX_PROTOCOL = 76
  EX_SOFTWARE = 70
  EX_TEMPFAIL = 75
  EX_UNAVAILABLE = 69
  EX_USAGE = 64
  F_OK = 0
  NGROUPS_MAX = 16
  O_APPEND = 8
  O_CREAT = 512
  O_EXCL = 2048
  O_NDELAY = 4
  O_NOCTTY = 0
  O_NOFOLLOW = 256
  O_NONBLOCK = 4
  O_RDONLY = 0
  O_RDWR = 2
  O_SYNC = 128
  O_TRUNC = 1024
  O_WRONLY = 1
  P_NOWAIT = 1
  P_NOWAITO = 1
  P_WAIT = 0
  R_OK = 4
  TMP_MAX = 308915776
  WCONTINUED = 16
  WNOHANG = 1
  WUNTRACED = 2
  W_OK = 2
  X_OK = 1
  altsep = None
  confstr_names = {'CS_PATH': 1, 'CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS': 2...
  curdir = '.'
  defpath = ':/bin:/usr/bin'
  devnull = '/dev/null'
  environ = {'DATETIME_FORMAT': 'us', 'STX_DEFAULT_LEVEL': '3', ...
  extsep = '.'
  linesep = '\n'
  name = 'posix'
  pardir = '..'
  pathconf_names = {'PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED': 7, 'PC_LINK_MAX': 1, ...
  pathsep = ':'
  sep = '/'
  sysconf_names = {'SC_2_CHAR_TERM': 20, 'SC_2_C_BIND': 18, 'SC_...
Function Details [hide private]

WCOREDUMP(status)

 
Return True if the process returning 'status' was dumped to a core file.
Returns:
bool

WEXITSTATUS(status)

 
Return the process return code from 'status'.
Returns:
integer

WIFCONTINUED(status)

 
Return True if the process returning 'status' was continued from a job control stop.
Returns:
bool

WIFEXITED(status)

 
Return true if the process returning 'status' exited using the exit() system call.
Returns:
bool

WIFSIGNALED(status)

 
Return True if the process returning 'status' was terminated by a signal.
Returns:
bool

WIFSTOPPED(status)

 
Return True if the process returning 'status' was stopped.
Returns:
bool

WSTOPSIG(status)

 
Return the signal that stopped the process that provided the 'status' value.
Returns:
integer

WTERMSIG(status)

 
Return the signal that terminated the process that provided the 'status' value.
Returns:
integer

abort()

 
Abort the interpreter immediately. This 'dumps core' or otherwise fails in the hardest way possible on the hosting operating system.
Returns:
does not return!

access(path, mode)

 
Use the real uid/gid to test for access to a path. Note that most operations will use the effective uid/gid, therefore this routine can be used in a suid/sgid environment to test if the invoking user has the specified access to the path. The mode argument can be F_OK to test existence, or the inclusive-OR of R_OK, W_OK, and X_OK.
Returns:
1 if granted, 0 otherwise

confstr(name)

 
Return a string-valued system configuration variable.
Returns:
string

ctermid()

 
Return the name of the controlling terminal for this process.
Returns:
string

dup(fd)

 
Return a duplicate of a file descriptor.
Returns:
fd2

execv(path, args)

  
Execute an executable path with arguments, replacing current process.

        path: path of executable file
        args: tuple or list of strings

execve(path, args, env)

  
Execute a path with arguments and environment, replacing current process.

        path: path of executable file
        args: tuple or list of arguments
        env: dictionary of strings mapping to strings

execvp(file, args)

source code 
Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH) with argument list args, replacing the current process. args may be a list or tuple of strings.

execvpe(file, args, env)

source code 
Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH) with argument list args and environment env , replacing the current process. args may be a list or tuple of strings.

fchdir(fildes)

 
Change to the directory of the given file descriptor. fildes must be opened on a directory, not a file.

fdopen(fd, mode='r' , bufsize=...)

 
Return an open file object connected to a file descriptor.
Returns:
file_object

fork()

 
Fork a child process. Return 0 to child process and PID of child to parent process.
Returns:
pid

forkpty()

 

Fork a new process with a new pseudo-terminal as controlling tty.

Like fork(), return 0 as pid to child process, and PID of child to parent. To both, return fd of newly opened pseudo-terminal.
Returns:
(pid, master_fd)

fpathconf(fd, name)

 
Return the configuration limit name for the file descriptor fd. If there is no limit, return -1.
Returns:
integer

fstat(fd)

 
Like stat(), but for an open file descriptor.
Returns:
stat result

fstatvfs(fd)

 
Perform an fstatvfs system call on the given fd.
Returns:
statvfs result

getcwd()

 
Return a string representing the current working directory.
Returns:
path

getcwdu()

 
Return a unicode string representing the current working directory.
Returns:
path

getegid()

 
Return the current process's effective group id.
Returns:
egid

getenv(key, default=None)

source code 
Get an environment variable, return None if it doesn't exist. The optional second argument can specify an alternate default.

geteuid()

 
Return the current process's effective user id.
Returns:
euid

getgid()

 
Return the current process's group id.
Returns:
gid

getgroups()

 
Return list of supplemental group IDs for the process.
Returns:
list of group IDs

getloadavg()

 
Return the number of processes in the system run queue averaged over the last 1, 5, and 15 minutes or raises OSError if the load average was unobtainable
Returns:
(float, float, float)

getlogin()

 
Return the actual login name.
Returns:
string

getpgid(pid)

 
Call the system call getpgid().
Returns:
pgid

getpgrp()

 
Return the current process group id.
Returns:
pgrp

getpid()

 
Return the current process id
Returns:
pid

getppid()

 
Return the parent's process id.
Returns:
ppid

getsid(pid)

 
Call the system call getsid().
Returns:
sid

getuid()

 
Return the current process's user id.
Returns:
uid

isatty(fd)

 
Return True if the file descriptor 'fd' is an open file descriptor connected to the slave end of a terminal.
Returns:
bool

lchown(path, uid, gid)

 
Change the owner and group id of path to the numeric uid and gid. This function will not follow symbolic links.

listdir(path)

  
Return a list containing the names of the entries in the directory.

        path: path of directory to list

The list is in arbitrary order.  It does not include the special
entries '.' and '..' even if they are present in the directory.
Returns:
list_of_strings

lseek(fd, pos, how)

 
Set the current position of a file descriptor.
Returns:
newpos

lstat(path)

 
Like stat(path), but do not follow symbolic links.
Returns:
stat result

major(device)

 
Extracts a device major number from a raw device number.
Returns:
major number

makedev(major, minor)

 
Composes a raw device number from the major and minor device numbers.
Returns:
device number

makedirs(path, mode=0777)

source code 
Super-mkdir; create a leaf directory and all intermediate ones. Works like mkdir, except that any intermediate path segment (not just the rightmost) will be created if it does not exist. This is recursive.

minor(device)

 
Extracts a device minor number from a raw device number.
Returns:
minor number

mknod(filename, mode=0600, device=...)

 
Create a filesystem node (file, device special file or named pipe) named filename. mode specifies both the permissions to use and the type of node to be created, being combined (bitwise OR) with one of S_IFREG, S_IFCHR, S_IFBLK, and S_IFIFO. For S_IFCHR and S_IFBLK, device defines the newly created device special file (probably using os.makedev()), otherwise it is ignored.

nice(inc)

 
Decrease the priority of process by inc and return the new priority.
Returns:
new_priority

open(filename, flag, mode=0777)

 
Open a file (for low level IO).
Returns:
fd

openpty()

 
Open a pseudo-terminal, returning open fd's for both master and slave end.
Returns:
(master_fd, slave_fd)

pathconf(path, name)

 
Return the configuration limit name for the file or directory path. If there is no limit, return -1.
Returns:
integer

pipe()

 
Create a pipe.
Returns:
(read_end, write_end)

popen(command, mode='r' , bufsize=...)

 
Open a pipe to/from a command returning a file object.
Returns:
pipe

popen2(cmd, mode='t', bufsize=-1)

source code 
Execute the shell command 'cmd' in a sub-process. On UNIX, 'cmd' may be a sequence, in which case arguments will be passed directly to the program without shell intervention (as with os.spawnv()). If 'cmd' is a string it will be passed to the shell (as with os.system()). If 'bufsize' is specified, it sets the buffer size for the I/O pipes. The file objects (child_stdin, child_stdout) are returned.

popen3(cmd, mode='t', bufsize=-1)

source code 
Execute the shell command 'cmd' in a sub-process. On UNIX, 'cmd' may be a sequence, in which case arguments will be passed directly to the program without shell intervention (as with os.spawnv()). If 'cmd' is a string it will be passed to the shell (as with os.system()). If 'bufsize' is specified, it sets the buffer size for the I/O pipes. The file objects (child_stdin, child_stdout, child_stderr) are returned.

popen4(cmd, mode='t', bufsize=-1)

source code 
Execute the shell command 'cmd' in a sub-process. On UNIX, 'cmd' may be a sequence, in which case arguments will be passed directly to the program without shell intervention (as with os.spawnv()). If 'cmd' is a string it will be passed to the shell (as with os.system()). If 'bufsize' is specified, it sets the buffer size for the I/O pipes. The file objects (child_stdin, child_stdout_stderr) are returned.

read(fd, buffersize)

 
Read a file descriptor.
Returns:
string

readlink(path)

 
Return a string representing the path to which the symbolic link points.
Returns:
path

removedirs(path)

source code 
Super-rmdir; remove a leaf directory and empty all intermediate ones. Works like rmdir except that, if the leaf directory is successfully removed, directories corresponding to rightmost path segments will be pruned away until either the whole path is consumed or an error occurs. Errors during this latter phase are ignored -- they generally mean that a directory was not empty.

renames(old, new)

source code 

Super-rename; create directories as necessary and delete any left empty. Works like rename, except creation of any intermediate directories needed to make the new pathname good is attempted first. After the rename, directories corresponding to rightmost path segments of the old name will be pruned way until either the whole path is consumed or a nonempty directory is found.

Note: this function can fail with the new directory structure made if you lack permissions needed to unlink the leaf directory or file.

spawnl(mode, file, *args)

source code 
Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess. If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process. If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally; otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.
Returns:
integer

spawnle(mode, file, env, *args)

source code 
Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess with the supplied environment. If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process. If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally; otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.
Returns:
integer

spawnlp(mode, file, *args)

source code 
Execute file (which is looked for along $PATH) with arguments from args in a subprocess with the supplied environment. If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process. If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally; otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.
Returns:
integer

spawnlpe(mode, file, env, *args)

source code 
Execute file (which is looked for along $PATH) with arguments from args in a subprocess with the supplied environment. If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process. If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally; otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.
Returns:
integer

spawnv(mode, file, args)

source code 
Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess. If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process. If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally; otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.
Returns:
integer

spawnve(mode, file, args, env)

source code 
Execute file with arguments from args in a subprocess with the specified environment. If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process. If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally; otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.
Returns:
integer

spawnvp(mode, file, args)

source code 
Execute file (which is looked for along $PATH) with arguments from args in a subprocess. If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process. If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally; otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.
Returns:
integer

spawnvpe(mode, file, args, env)

source code 
Execute file (which is looked for along $PATH) with arguments from args in a subprocess with the supplied environment. If mode == P_NOWAIT return the pid of the process. If mode == P_WAIT return the process's exit code if it exits normally; otherwise return -SIG, where SIG is the signal that killed it.
Returns:
integer

stat(path)

 
Perform a stat system call on the given path.
Returns:
stat result

stat_float_times(newval=...)

 
Determine whether os.[lf]stat represents time stamps as float objects. If newval is True, future calls to stat() return floats, if it is False, future calls return ints. If newval is omitted, return the current setting.
Returns:
oldval

statvfs(path)

 
Perform a statvfs system call on the given path.
Returns:
statvfs result

strerror(code)

 
Translate an error code to a message string.
Returns:
string

sysconf(name)

 
Return an integer-valued system configuration variable.
Returns:
integer

system(command)

 
Execute the command (a string) in a subshell.
Returns:
exit_status

tcgetpgrp(fd)

 
Return the process group associated with the terminal given by a fd.
Returns:
pgid

tempnam(dir=..., prefix=...)

 
Return a unique name for a temporary file. The directory and a prefix may be specified as strings; they may be omitted or None if not needed.
Returns:
string

times()

 
Return a tuple of floating point numbers indicating process times.
Returns:
(utime, stime, cutime, cstime, elapsed_time)

tmpfile()

 
Create a temporary file with no directory entries.
Returns:
file object

tmpnam()

 
Return a unique name for a temporary file.
Returns:
string

ttyname(fd)

 
Return the name of the terminal device connected to 'fd'.
Returns:
string

umask(new_mask)

 
Set the current numeric umask and return the previous umask.
Returns:
old_mask

uname()

 
Return a tuple identifying the current operating system.
Returns:
(sysname, nodename, release, version, machine)

urandom(n)

source code 
Return a string of n random bytes suitable for cryptographic use.
Returns:
str

utime(...)

 

utime(path, (atime, utime)) utime(path, None)

Set the access and modified time of the file to the given values. If the second form is used, set the access and modified times to the current time.

wait()

 
Wait for completion of a child process.
Returns:
(pid, status)

waitpid(pid, options)

 
Wait for completion of a given child process.
Returns:
(pid, status)

walk(top, topdown=True, onerror=None)

source code  
Directory tree generator.

For each directory in the directory tree rooted at top (including top
itself, but excluding '.' and '..'), yields a 3-tuple

    dirpath, dirnames, filenames

dirpath is a string, the path to the directory.  dirnames is a list of
the names of the subdirectories in dirpath (excluding '.' and '..').
filenames is a list of the names of the non-directory files in dirpath.
Note that the names in the lists are just names, with no path components.
To get a full path (which begins with top) to a file or directory in
dirpath, do os.path.join(dirpath, name).

If optional arg 'topdown' is true or not specified, the triple for a
directory is generated before the triples for any of its subdirectories
(directories are generated top down).  If topdown is false, the triple
for a directory is generated after the triples for all of its
subdirectories (directories are generated bottom up).

When topdown is true, the caller can modify the dirnames list in-place
(e.g., via del or slice assignment), and walk will only recurse into the
subdirectories whose names remain in dirnames; this can be used to prune
the search, or to impose a specific order of visiting.  Modifying
dirnames when topdown is false is ineffective, since the directories in
dirnames have already been generated by the time dirnames itself is
generated.

By default errors from the os.listdir() call are ignored.  If
optional arg 'onerror' is specified, it should be a function; it
will be called with one argument, an os.error instance.  It can
report the error to continue with the walk, or raise the exception
to abort the walk.  Note that the filename is available as the
filename attribute of the exception object.

Caution:  if you pass a relative pathname for top, don't change the
current working directory between resumptions of walk.  walk never
changes the current directory, and assumes that the client doesn't
either.

Example:

from os.path import join, getsize
for root, dirs, files in walk('python/Lib/email'):
    print root, "consumes",
    print sum([getsize(join(root, name)) for name in files]),
    print "bytes in", len(files), "non-directory files"
    if 'CVS' in dirs:
        dirs.remove('CVS')  # don't visit CVS directories

write(fd, string)

 
Write a string to a file descriptor.
Returns:
byteswritten

Variables Details [hide private]

confstr_names

Value:
{'CS_PATH': 1,
 'CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS': 20,
 'CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LDFLAGS': 21,
 'CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS': 22,
 'CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LINTFLAGS': 23,
 'CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS': 24,
 'CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS': 25,
 'CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS': 26,
...

environ

Value:
{'DATETIME_FORMAT': 'us', 'STX_DEFAULT_LEVEL': '3', 'LOGNAME': 'mirlan\
', 'USER': 'mirlan', 'PATH': '/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Ver\
sions/Current/bin:/sw/bin:/sw/sbin:/usr/local/mysql/bin:/usr/local/bin\
:/usr/local/zenoss/bin:/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Ver\
sions/Current/bin:/zenoss/scripts:/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/X\
11R6/bin', 'HOME': '/Users/mirlan', 'DISPLAY': ':0.0', 'TERM_PROGRAM':\
 'iTerm.app', 'INFOPATH': '/sw/share/info:/sw/info:/usr/share/info', '\
TERM': 'xterm-color', 'SHELL': '/bin/bash', 'ZENHOME': '/usr/local/zen\
...

pathconf_names

Value:
{'PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED': 7,
 'PC_LINK_MAX': 1,
 'PC_MAX_CANON': 2,
 'PC_MAX_INPUT': 3,
 'PC_NAME_MAX': 4,
 'PC_NO_TRUNC': 8,
 'PC_PATH_MAX': 5,
 'PC_PIPE_BUF': 6,
...

sysconf_names

Value:
{'SC_2_CHAR_TERM': 20,
 'SC_2_C_BIND': 18,
 'SC_2_C_DEV': 19,
 'SC_2_FORT_DEV': 21,
 'SC_2_FORT_RUN': 22,
 'SC_2_LOCALEDEF': 23,
 'SC_2_SW_DEV': 24,
 'SC_2_UPE': 25,
...

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