The Python Standard Library

Release:3.1 Date:March 20, 2010

While The Python Language Reference describes the exact syntax and semantics of the Python language, this library reference manual describes the standard library that is distributed with Python. It also describes some of the optional components that are commonly included in Python distributions.

Python’s standard library is very extensive, offering a wide range of facilities as indicated by the long table of contents listed below. The library contains built-in modules (written in C) that provide access to system functionality such as file I/O that would otherwise be inaccessible to Python programmers, as well as modules written in Python that provide standardized solutions for many problems that occur in everyday programming. Some of these modules are explicitly designed to encourage and enhance the portability of Python programs by abstracting away platform-specifics into platform-neutral APIs.

The Python installers for the Windows platform usually includes the entire standard library and often also include many additional components. For Unix-like operating systems Python is normally provided as a collection of packages, so it may be necessary to use the packaging tools provided with the operating system to obtain some or all of the optional components.

In addition to the standard library, there is a growing collection of several thousand components (from individual programs and modules to packages and entire application development frameworks), available from the Python Package Index.

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Built-in Functions
• 3. Built-in Constants
  • 3.1. Constants added by the site module
• 4. Built-in Objects
• 5. Built-in Types
  • 5.1. Truth Value Testing
  • 5.2. Boolean Operations — and, or, not
  • 5.3. Comparisons
  • 5.4. Numeric Types — int, float, complex
  • 5.5. Iterator Types
  • 5.6. Sequence Types — str, bytes, bytearray, list, tuple, range
  • 5.7. Set Types — set, frozenset
  • 5.8. Mapping Types — dict
  • 5.9. memoryview Types
  • 5.10. Context Manager Types
  • 5.11. Other Built-in Types
  • 5.12. Special Attributes
• 6. Built-in Exceptions
  • 6.1. Exception hierarchy
• 7. String Services
  • 7.1. string — Common string operations
  • 7.2. re — Regular expression operations
  • 7.3. struct — Interpret bytes as packed binary data
  • 7.4. difflib — Helpers for computing deltas
  • 7.5. textwrap — Text wrapping and filling
  • 7.6. codecs — Codec registry and base classes
  • 7.7. unicodedata — Unicode Database
  • 7.8. stringprep — Internet String Preparation
• 8. Data Types
  • 8.1. datetime — Basic date and time types
  • 8.2. calendar — General calendar-related functions
  • 8.3. collections — Container datatypes
  • 8.4. heapq — Heap queue algorithm
  • 8.5. bisect — Array bisection algorithm
  • 8.6. array — Efficient arrays of numeric values
  • 8.7. sched — Event scheduler
  • 8.8. queue — A synchronized queue class
  • 8.9. weakref — Weak references
  • 8.10. types — Names for built-in types
  • 8.11. copy — Shallow and deep copy operations
  • 8.12. pprint — Data pretty printer
  • 8.13. reprlib — Alternate repr() implementation
• 9. Numeric and Mathematical Modules
  • 9.1. numbers — Numeric abstract base classes
  • 9.2. math — Mathematical functions
  • 9.3. cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers
  • 9.4. decimal — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic
  • 9.5. fractions — Rational numbers
  • 9.6. random — Generate pseudo-random numbers
  • 9.7. itertools — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping
  • 9.8. functools — Higher order functions and operations on callable objects
  • 9.9. operator — Standard operators as functions
• 10. File and Directory Access
  • 10.1. os.path — Common pathname manipulations
  • 10.2. fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
  • 10.3. stat — Interpreting stat() results
  • 10.4. filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons
  • 10.5. tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories
  • 10.6. glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion
  • 10.7. fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching
  • 10.8. linecache — Random access to text lines
  • 10.9. shutil — High-level file operations
  • 10.10. macpath — Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions
• 11. Data Persistence
  • 11.1. pickle — Python object serialization
  • 11.2. copyreg — Register pickle support functions
  • 11.3. shelve — Python object persistence
  • 11.4. marshal — Internal Python object serialization
  • 11.5. dbm — Interfaces to Unix “databases”
  • 11.6. sqlite3 — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases
• 12. Data Compression and Archiving
  • 12.1. zlib — Compression compatible with gzip
  • 12.2. gzip — Support for gzip files
  • 12.3. bz2 — Compression compatible with bzip2
  • 12.4. zipfile — Work with ZIP archives
  • 12.5. tarfile — Read and write tar archive files
• 13. File Formats
  • 13.1. csv — CSV File Reading and Writing
  • 13.2. configparser — Configuration file parser
  • 13.3. netrc — netrc file processing
  • 13.4. xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data
  • 13.5. plistlib — Generate and parse Mac OS X .plist files
• 14. Cryptographic Services
  • 14.1. hashlib — Secure hashes and message digests
  • 14.2. hmac — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication
• 15. Generic Operating System Services
  • 15.1. os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
  • 15.2. io — Core tools for working with streams
  • 15.3. time — Time access and conversions
  • 15.4. optparse — More powerful command line option parser
  • 15.5. getopt — Parser for command line options
  • 15.6. logging — Logging facility for Python
  • 15.7. getpass — Portable password input
  • 15.8. curses — Terminal handling for character-cell displays
  • 15.9. curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs
  • 15.10. curses.wrapper — Terminal handler for curses programs
  • 15.11. curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters
  • 15.12. curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses
  • 15.13. platform — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data
  • 15.14. errno — Standard errno system symbols
  • 15.15. ctypes — A foreign function library for Python
• 16. Optional Operating System Services
  • 16.1. select — Waiting for I/O completion
  • 16.2. threading — Higher-level threading interface
  • 16.3. dummy_threading — Drop-in replacement for the threading module
  • 16.4. _thread — Low-level threading API
  • 16.5. _dummy_thread — Drop-in replacement for the _thread module
  • 16.6. multiprocessing — Process-based “threading” interface
  • 16.7. mmap — Memory-mapped file support
  • 16.8. readline — GNU readline interface
  • 16.9. rlcompleter — Completion function for GNU readline
• 17. Interprocess Communication and Networking
  • 17.1. subprocess — Subprocess management
  • 17.2. socket — Low-level networking interface
  • 17.3. ssl — SSL wrapper for socket objects
  • 17.4. signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events
  • 17.5. asyncore — Asynchronous socket handler
  • 17.6. asynchat — Asynchronous socket command/response handler
• 18. Internet Data Handling
  • 18.1. email — An email and MIME handling package
  • 18.2. json — JSON encoder and decoder
  • 18.3. mailcap — Mailcap file handling
  • 18.4. mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
  • 18.5. mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types
  • 18.6. base64 — RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings
  • 18.7. binhex — Encode and decode binhex4 files
  • 18.8. binascii — Convert between binary and ASCII
  • 18.9. quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
  • 18.10. uu — Encode and decode uuencode files
• 19. Structured Markup Processing Tools
  • 19.1. html.parser — Simple HTML and XHTML parser
  • 19.2. html.entities — Definitions of HTML general entities
  • 19.3. xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat
  • 19.4. xml.dom — The Document Object Model API
  • 19.5. xml.dom.minidom — Lightweight DOM implementation
  • 19.6. xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees
  • 19.7. xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers
  • 19.8. xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers
  • 19.9. xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities
  • 19.10. xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers
  • 19.11. xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API
• 20. Internet Protocols and Support
  • 20.1. webbrowser — Convenient Web-browser controller
  • 20.2. cgi — Common Gateway Interface support
  • 20.3. cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts
  • 20.4. wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
  • 20.5. urllib.request — extensible library for opening URLs
  • 20.6. urllib.response — Response classes used by urllib.
  • 20.7. urllib.parse — Parse URLs into components
  • 20.8. urllib.error — Exception classes raised by urllib.request
  • 20.9. urllib.robotparser — Parser for robots.txt
  • 20.10. http.client — HTTP protocol client
  • 20.11. ftplib — FTP protocol client
  • 20.12. poplib — POP3 protocol client
  • 20.13. imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client
  • 20.14. nntplib — NNTP protocol client
  • 20.15. smtplib — SMTP protocol client
  • 20.16. smtpd — SMTP Server
  • 20.17. telnetlib — Telnet client
  • 20.18. uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122
  • 20.19. socketserver — A framework for network servers
  • 20.20. http.server — HTTP servers
  • 20.21. http.cookies — HTTP state management
  • 20.22. http.cookiejar — Cookie handling for HTTP clients
  • 20.23. xmlrpc.client — XML-RPC client access
  • 20.24. xmlrpc.server — Basic XML-RPC servers
• 21. Multimedia Services
  • 21.1. audioop — Manipulate raw audio data
  • 21.2. aifc — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
  • 21.3. sunau — Read and write Sun AU files
  • 21.4. wave — Read and write WAV files
  • 21.5. chunk — Read IFF chunked data
  • 21.6. colorsys — Conversions between color systems
  • 21.7. imghdr — Determine the type of an image
  • 21.8. sndhdr — Determine type of sound file
  • 21.9. ossaudiodev — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
• 22. Internationalization
  • 22.1. gettext — Multilingual internationalization services
  • 22.2. locale — Internationalization services
• 23. Program Frameworks
  • 23.1. cmd — Support for line-oriented command interpreters
  • 23.2. shlex — Simple lexical analysis
• 24. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk
  • 24.1. tkinter — Python interface to Tcl/Tk
  • 24.2. tkinter.ttk — Tk themed widgets
  • 24.3. tkinter.tix — Extension widgets for Tk
  • 24.4. tkinter.scrolledtext — Scrolled Text Widget
  • 24.5. turtle — Turtle graphics for Tk
  • 24.6. IDLE
  • 24.7. Other Graphical User Interface Packages
• 25. Development Tools
  • 25.1. pydoc — Documentation generator and online help system
  • 25.2. doctest — Test interactive Python examples
  • 25.3. unittest — Unit testing framework
  • 25.4. 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation
  • 25.5. test — Regression tests package for Python
  • 25.6. test.support — Utility functions for tests
• 26. Debugging and Profiling
  • 26.1. bdb — Debugger framework
  • 26.2. pdb — The Python Debugger
  • 26.3. Debugger Commands
  • 26.4. The Python Profilers
  • 26.5. timeit — Measure execution time of small code snippets
  • 26.6. trace — Trace or track Python statement execution
• 27. Python Runtime Services
  • 27.1. sys — System-specific parameters and functions
  • 27.2. builtins — Built-in objects
  • 27.3. __main__ — Top-level script environment
  • 27.4. warnings — Warning control
  • 27.5. contextlib — Utilities for with-statement contexts
  • 27.6. abc — Abstract Base Classes
  • 27.7. atexit — Exit handlers
  • 27.8. traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback
  • 27.9. __future__ — Future statement definitions
  • 27.10. gc — Garbage Collector interface
  • 27.11. inspect — Inspect live objects
  • 27.12. site — Site-specific configuration hook
  • 27.13. fpectl — Floating point exception control
• 28. Custom Python Interpreters
  • 28.1. code — Interpreter base classes
  • 28.2. codeop — Compile Python code
• 29. Importing Modules
  • 29.1. imp — Access the import internals
  • 29.2. zipimport — Import modules from Zip archives
  • 29.3. pkgutil — Package extension utility
  • 29.4. modulefinder — Find modules used by a script
  • 29.5. runpy — Locating and executing Python modules
  • 29.6. importlib – An implementation of import
• 30. Python Language Services
  • 30.1. parser — Access Python parse trees
  • 30.2. Abstract Syntax Trees
  • 30.3. symtable — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables
  • 30.4. symbol — Constants used with Python parse trees
  • 30.5. token — Constants used with Python parse trees
  • 30.6. keyword — Testing for Python keywords
  • 30.7. tokenize — Tokenizer for Python source
  • 30.8. tabnanny — Detection of ambiguous indentation
  • 30.9. pyclbr — Python class browser support
  • 30.10. py_compile — Compile Python source files
  • 30.11. compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries
  • 30.12. dis — Disassembler for Python bytecode
  • 30.13. pickletools — Tools for pickle developers
  • 30.14. distutils — Building and installing Python modules
• 31. Miscellaneous Services
  • 31.1. formatter — Generic output formatting
• 32. MS Windows Specific Services
  • 32.1. msilib — Read and write Microsoft Installer files
  • 32.2. msvcrt – Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
  • 32.3. winreg – Windows registry access
  • 32.4. winsound — Sound-playing interface for Windows
• 33. Unix Specific Services
  • 33.1. posix — The most common POSIX system calls
  • 33.2. pwd — The password database
  • 33.3. spwd — The shadow password database
  • 33.4. grp — The group database
  • 33.5. crypt — Function to check Unix passwords
  • 33.6. termios — POSIX style tty control
  • 33.7. tty — Terminal control functions
  • 33.8. pty — Pseudo-terminal utilities
  • 33.9. fcntl — The fcntl() and ioctl() system calls
  • 33.10. pipes — Interface to shell pipelines
  • 33.11. resource — Resource usage information
  • 33.12. nis — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)
  • 33.13. syslog — Unix syslog library routines
• 34. Undocumented Modules
  • 34.1. Platform specific modules