7.3. struct — Interpret bytes as packed binary data

This module performs conversions between Python values and C structs represented as Python bytes objects. It uses format strings (explained below) as compact descriptions of the lay-out of the C structs and the intended conversion to/from Python values. This can be used in handling binary data stored in files or from network connections, among other sources.

The module defines the following exception and functions:

exception struct.error

Exception raised on various occasions; argument is a string describing what is wrong.

struct.pack(fmt, v1, v2, ...)

Return a bytes containing the values v1, v2, ... packed according to the given format. The arguments must match the values required by the format exactly.

struct.pack_into(fmt, buffer, offset, v1, v2, ...)

Pack the values v1, v2, ... according to the given format, write the packed bytes into the writable buffer starting at offset. Note that the offset is a required argument.

struct.unpack(fmt, bytes)

Unpack the bytes (presumably packed by pack(fmt, ...)) according to the given format. The result is a tuple even if it contains exactly one item. The bytes must contain exactly the amount of data required by the format (len(bytes) must equal calcsize(fmt)).

struct.unpack_from(fmt, buffer, offset=0)

Unpack the buffer according to the given format. The result is a tuple even if it contains exactly one item. The buffer must contain at least the amount of data required by the format (len(buffer[offset:]) must be at least calcsize(fmt)).

struct.calcsize(fmt)

Return the size of the struct (and hence of the bytes) corresponding to the given format.

Format characters have the following meaning; the conversion between C and Python values should be obvious given their types:

Format	C Type	Python	Notes
x	pad byte	no value
c	char	bytes of length 1
b	signed char	integer	(1)
B	unsigned char	integer
?	_Bool	bool	(2)
h	short	integer
H	unsigned short	integer
i	int	integer
I	unsigned int	integer
l	long	integer
L	unsigned long	integer
q	long long	integer	(3)
Q	unsigned long long	integer	(3)
f	float	float
d	double	float
s	char[]	bytes	(1)
p	char[]	bytes	(1)
P	void *	integer

Notes:

1. The c, s and p conversion codes operate on bytes objects, but packing with such codes also supports str objects, which are encoded using UTF-8.
2. The '?' conversion code corresponds to the _Bool type defined by C99. If this type is not available, it is simulated using a char. In standard mode, it is always represented by one byte.
3. The 'q' and 'Q' conversion codes are available in native mode only if the platform C compiler supports C long long, or, on Windows, __int64. They are always available in standard modes.

A format character may be preceded by an integral repeat count. For example, the format string '4h' means exactly the same as 'hhhh'.

Whitespace characters between formats are ignored; a count and its format must not contain whitespace though.

For the 's' format character, the count is interpreted as the length of the bytes, not a repeat count like for the other format characters; for example, '10s' means a single 10-byte string, while '10c' means 10 characters. For packing, the string is truncated or padded with null bytes as appropriate to make it fit. For unpacking, the resulting bytes object always has exactly the specified number of bytes. As a special case, '0s' means a single, empty string (while '0c' means 0 characters).

When packing a value x using one of the integer formats ('b', 'B', 'h', 'H', 'i', 'I', 'l', 'L', 'q', 'Q'), if x is outside the valid range for that format then struct.error is raised.

Changed in version 3.1: In 3.0, some of the integer formats wrapped out-of-range values and raised DeprecationWarning instead of struct.error.

The 'p' format character encodes a “Pascal string”, meaning a short variable-length string stored in a fixed number of bytes. The count is the total number of bytes stored. The first byte stored is the length of the string, or 255, whichever is smaller. The bytes of the string follow. If the string passed in to pack() is too long (longer than the count minus 1), only the leading count-1 bytes of the string are stored. If the string is shorter than count-1, it is padded with null bytes so that exactly count bytes in all are used. Note that for unpack(), the 'p' format character consumes count bytes, but that the string returned can never contain more than 255 bytes.

For the '?' format character, the return value is either True or False. When packing, the truth value of the argument object is used. Either 0 or 1 in the native or standard bool representation will be packed, and any non-zero value will be True when unpacking.

By default, C numbers are represented in the machine’s native format and byte order, and properly aligned by skipping pad bytes if necessary (according to the rules used by the C compiler).

Alternatively, the first character of the format string can be used to indicate the byte order, size and alignment of the packed data, according to the following table:

Character	Byte order	Size and alignment
@	native	native
=	native	standard
<	little-endian	standard
>	big-endian	standard
!	network (= big-endian)	standard

If the first character is not one of these, '@' is assumed.

Native byte order is big-endian or little-endian, depending on the host system. For example, Motorola and Sun processors are big-endian; Intel and DEC processors are little-endian.

Native size and alignment are determined using the C compiler’s sizeof expression. This is always combined with native byte order.

Standard size and alignment are as follows: no alignment is required for any type (so you have to use pad bytes); short is 2 bytes; int and long are 4 bytes; long long (__int64 on Windows) is 8 bytes; float and double are 32-bit and 64-bit IEEE floating point numbers, respectively. _Bool is 1 byte.

Note the difference between '@' and '=': both use native byte order, but the size and alignment of the latter is standardized.

The form '!' is available for those poor souls who claim they can’t remember whether network byte order is big-endian or little-endian.

There is no way to indicate non-native byte order (force byte-swapping); use the appropriate choice of '<' or '>'.

The 'P' format character is only available for the native byte ordering (selected as the default or with the '@' byte order character). The byte order character '=' chooses to use little- or big-endian ordering based on the host system. The struct module does not interpret this as native ordering, so the 'P' format is not available.

Examples (all using native byte order, size and alignment, on a big-endian machine):

>>> from struct import *
>>> pack('hhl', 1, 2, 3)
b'\x00\x01\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x03'
>>> unpack('hhl', b'\x00\x01\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00\x03')
(1, 2, 3)
>>> calcsize('hhl')
8

Hint: to align the end of a structure to the alignment requirement of a particular type, end the format with the code for that type with a repeat count of zero. For example, the format 'llh0l' specifies two pad bytes at the end, assuming longs are aligned on 4-byte boundaries. This only works when native size and alignment are in effect; standard size and alignment does not enforce any alignment.

Unpacked fields can be named by assigning them to variables or by wrapping the result in a named tuple:

>>> record = b'raymond   \x32\x12\x08\x01\x08'
>>> name, serialnum, school, gradelevel = unpack('<10sHHb', record)

>>> from collections import namedtuple
>>> Student = namedtuple('Student', 'name serialnum school gradelevel')
>>> Student._make(unpack('<10sHHb', record))
Student(name=b'raymond   ', serialnum=4658, school=264, gradelevel=8)

See also

Module array

Packed binary storage of homogeneous data.

Module xdrlib

Packing and unpacking of XDR data.

7.3.1. Struct Objects

The struct module also defines the following type:

class struct.Struct(format)

Return a new Struct object which writes and reads binary data according to the format string format. Creating a Struct object once and calling its methods is more efficient than calling the struct functions with the same format since the format string only needs to be compiled once.

Compiled Struct objects support the following methods and attributes:

pack(v1, v2, ...)

Identical to the pack() function, using the compiled format. (len(result) will equal self.size.)

pack_into(buffer, offset, v1, v2, ...)

Identical to the pack_into() function, using the compiled format.

unpack(bytes)

Identical to the unpack() function, using the compiled format. (len(bytes) must equal self.size).

unpack_from(buffer, offset=0)

Identical to the unpack_from() function, using the compiled format. (len(buffer[offset:]) must be at least self.size).

format

The format string used to construct this Struct object.

size

The calculated size of the struct (and hence of the bytes) corresponding to format.