Data Type Conversion Between QML and C++

When data values are exchanged between QML and C++, they are converted by the QML engine to have the correct data types as appropriate for use in QML or C++. This requires the exchanged data to be of a type that is recognizable by the engine.

The QML engine provides built-in support for a large number of Qt C++ data types. Additionally, custom C++ types may be registered with the QML type system to make them available to the engine.

For more information about C++ and the different QML integration methods, see the C++ and QML integration overview page.

This page discusses the data types supported by the QML engine and how they are converted between QML and C++.

Data Ownership

When data is transferred from C++ to QML, the ownership of the data always remains with C++. The exception to this rule is when a QObject is returned from an explicit C++ method call: in this case, the QML engine assumes ownership of the object, unless the ownership of the object has explicitly been set to remain with C++ by invoking QQmlEngine::setObjectOwnership() with QQmlEngine::CppOwnership specified.

Additionally, the QML engine respects the normal QObject parent ownership semantics of Qt C++ objects, and will never delete a QObject instance which has a parent.

Basic Qt Data Types

By default, QML recognizes the following Qt data types, which are automatically converted to a corresponding QML value type when passed from C++ to QML and vice-versa:

As a convenience, many of these types can be specified in QML by string values, or by a related method provided by the QtQml::Qt object. For example, the Image::sourceSize property is of type size (which automatically translates to the QSize type) and can be specified by a string value formatted as "widthxheight", or by the Qt.size() function:

Item {
    Image { sourceSize: "100x200" }
    Image { sourceSize: Qt.size(100, 200) }
}

See documentation for each individual type under QML Value Types for more information.

QObject-derived Types

Any QObject-derived class may be used as a type for the exchange of data between QML and C++, providing the class has been registered with the QML type system.

The engine allows the registration of both instantiable and non-instantiable types. Once a class is registered as a QML type, it can be used as a data type for exchanging data between QML and C++. See Registering C++ types with the QML type system for further details on type registration.

Conversion Between Qt and JavaScript Types

The QML engine has built-in support for converting a number of Qt types to related JavaScript types, and vice-versa, when transferring data between QML and C++. This makes it possible to use these types and receive them in C++ or JavaScript without needing to implement custom types that provide access to the data values and their attributes.

(Note that the JavaScript environment in QML modifies native JavaScript object prototypes, including those of String, Date and Number, to provide additional features. See the JavaScript Host Environment for further details.)

QVariantList and QVariantMap to JavaScript Array and Object

The QML engine provides automatic type conversion between QVariantList and JavaScript arrays, and between QVariantMap and JavaScript objects.

For example, the function defined in QML below expects two arguments, an array and an object, and prints their contents using the standard JavaScript syntax for array and object item access. The C++ code below calls this function, passing a QVariantList and a QVariantMap, which are automatically converted to JavaScript array and object values, repectively:

// MyItem.qml
Item {
    function readValues(anArray, anObject) {
        for (var i=0; i<anArray.length; i++)
            console.log("Array item:", anArray[i])

        for (var prop in anObject) {
            console.log("Object item:", prop, "=", anObject[prop])
        }
    }
}

// C++
QQuickView view(QUrl::fromLocalFile("MyItem.qml"));

QVariantList list;
list << 10 << QColor(Qt::green) << "bottles";

QVariantMap map;
map.insert("language", "QML");
map.insert("released", QDate(2010, 9, 21));

QMetaObject::invokeMethod(view.rootObject(), "readValues",
        Q_ARG(QVariant, QVariant::fromValue(list)),
        Q_ARG(QVariant, QVariant::fromValue(map)));

This produces output like:

Array item: 10
Array item: #00ff00
Array item: bottles
Object item: language = QML
Object item: released = Tue Sep 21 2010 00:00:00 GMT+1000 (EST)

Similarly, if a C++ type uses a QVariantList or QVariantMap type for a property type or method parameter, the value can be created as a JavaScript array or object in QML, and is automatically converted to a QVariantList or QVariantMap when it is passed to C++.

Mind that QVariantList and QVariantMap properties of C++ types are stored as values and cannot be changed in place by QML code. You can only replace the whole map or list, but not manipulate its contents. The following code does not work if the property l is a QVariantList:

MyListExposingItem {
   l: [1, 2, 3]
   Component.onCompleted: l[0] = 10
}

The following code does work:

MyListExposingItem {
   l: [1, 2, 3]
   Component.onCompleted: l = [10, 2, 3]
}

QDateTime to JavaScript Date

The QML engine provides automatic type conversion between QDateTime values and JavaScript Date objects.

For example, the function defined in QML below expects a JavaScript Date object, and also returns a new Date object with the current date and time. The C++ code below calls this function, passing a QDateTime value that is automatically converted by the engine into a Date object when it is passed to the readDate() function. In turn, the readDate() function returns a Date object that is automatically converted into a QDateTime value when it is received in C++:

// MyItem.qml
Item {
    function readDate(dt) {
        console.log("The given date is:", dt.toUTCString());
        return new Date();
    }
}

// C++
QQuickView view(QUrl::fromLocalFile("MyItem.qml"));

QDateTime dateTime = QDateTime::currentDateTime();
QDateTime retValue;

QMetaObject::invokeMethod(view.rootObject(), "readDate",
        Q_RETURN_ARG(QVariant, retValue),
        Q_ARG(QVariant, QVariant::fromValue(dateTime)));

qDebug() << "Value returned from readDate():" << retValue;

Similarly, if a C++ type uses a QDateTime for a property type or method parameter, the value can be created as a JavaScript Date object in QML, and is automatically converted to a QDateTime value when it is passed to C++.

QDate and JavaScript Date

The QML engine converts automatically between QDate and the JavaScript Date type by representing the date by the UTC start of its day. A date is mapped back to QDate via QDateTime, selecting its date() method, using the local time form of the date unless the UTC form of it coincides with the start of the next day, in which case the UTC form is used.

This slighly eccentric arrangement is a work-around for the fact that JavaScript's construction of a Date object from a date-only string uses the UTC start of the day, but new Date(y, m, d) uses the local time start of the indicated date, as discussed in a note at the end of the previous section.

As a result, where a QDate property or parameter is exposed to QML, care should be taken in reading its value: the Date.getUTCFullYear(), Date.getUTCMonth() and Date.getUTCDate() methods are more likely to deliver the results users expect than the corresponding methods without UTC in their names.

It is thus commonly more robust to use a QDateTime property. This makes it possible to take control, on the QDateTime side, of whether the date (and time) is specified in terms of UTC or local time; as long as the JavaScript code is written to work with the same standard, it should be possible to avoid trouble.

QTime and JavaScript Date

The QML engine provides automatic type conversion from QTime values to JavaScript Date objects. As QTime values do not contain a date component, one is created for the conversion only. Thus, you should not rely on the date component of the resulting Date object.

Under the hood, conversion from a JavaScript Date object to QTime is done by converting to a QDateTime object (using local time) and calling its time() method.

Sequence Type to JavaScript Array

Certain C++ sequence types are supported transparently in QML to behave like JavaScript Array types.

In particular, QML currently supports:

• QList<int>
• QList<qreal>
• QList<bool>
• QList<QString> and QStringList
• QVector<QString>
• std::vector<QString>
• QList<QUrl>
• QVector<QUrl>
• std::vector<QUrl>
• QVector<int>
• QVector<qreal>
• QVector<bool>
• std::vector<int>
• std::vector<qreal>
• std::vector<bool>

and all registered QList, QVector, QQueue, QStack, QSet, std::list, std::vector that contain a type marked with Q_DECLARE_METATYPE.

These sequence types are implemented directly in terms of the underlying C++ sequence. There are two ways in which such sequences can be exposed to QML: as a Q_PROPERTY of the given sequence type; or as the return type of a Q_INVOKABLE method. There are some differences in the way these are implemented, which are important to note.

If the sequence is exposed as a Q_PROPERTY, accessing any value in the sequence by index will cause the sequence data to be read from the QObject's property, then a read to occur. Similarly, modifying any value in the sequence will cause the sequence data to be read, and then the modification will be performed and the modified sequence will be written back to the QObject's property.

If the sequence is returned from a Q_INVOKABLE function, access and mutation is much cheaper, as no QObject property read or write occurs; instead, the C++ sequence data is accessed and modified directly.

In both the Q_PROPERTY and return from Q_INVOKABLE cases, the elements of a std::vector are copied. This copying may be an expensive operation, so std::vector should be used judiciously.

You can also create a list-like data structure by constructing a QJSValue using QJSEngine::newArray(). Such a JavaScript array does not need any conversion when passing it between QML and C++. See QJSValue#Working With Arrays for details on how to manipulate JavaScript arrays from C++.

Other sequence types are not supported transparently, and instead an instance of any other sequence type will be passed between QML and C++ as an opaque QVariantList.

Important Note: There are some minor differences between the semantics of such sequence Array types and default JavaScript Array types which result from the use of a C++ storage type in the implementation. In particular, deleting an element from an Array will result in a default-constructed value replacing that element, rather than an Undefined value. Similarly, setting the length property of the Array to a value larger than its current value will result in the Array being padded out to the specified length with default-constructed elements rather than Undefined elements. Finally, the Qt container classes support signed (rather than unsigned) integer indexes; thus, attempting to access any index greater than INT_MAX will fail.

The default-constructed values for each sequence type are as follows:

If you wish to remove elements from a sequence rather than simply replace them with default constructed values, do not use the indexed delete operator ("delete sequence[i]") but instead use the splice function ("sequence.splice(startIndex, deleteCount)").

QByteArray to JavaScript ArrayBuffer

The QML engine provides automatic type conversion between QByteArray values and JavaScript ArrayBuffer objects.

Value Types

Some value types in Qt such as QPoint are represented in JavaScript as objects that have the same properties and functions like in the C++ API. The same representation is possible with custom C++ value types. To enable a custom value type with the QML engine, the class declaration needs to be annotated with Q_GADGET. Properties that are intended to be visible in the JavaScript representation need to be declared with Q_PROPERTY. Similarly functions need to be marked with Q_INVOKABLE. This is the same with QObject based C++ APIs. For example, the Actor class below is annotated as gadget and has properties:

class Actor
{
    Q_GADGET
    Q_PROPERTY(QString name READ name WRITE setName)
public:
    QString name() const { return m_name; }
    void setName(const QString &name) { m_name = name; }

private:
    QString m_name;
};

Q_DECLARE_METATYPE(Actor)

The usual pattern is to use a gadget class as the type of a property, or to emit a gadget as a signal argument. In such cases, the gadget instance is passed by value between C++ and QML (because it's a value type). If QML code changes a property of a gadget property, the entire gadget is re-created and passed back to the C++ property setter. In Qt 5, gadget types cannot be instantiated by direct declaration in QML. In contrast, a QObject instance can be declared; and QObject instances are always passed by pointer from C++ to QML.

Enumeration Types

To use a custom enumeration as a data type, its class must be registered and the enumeration must also be declared with Q_ENUM() to register it with Qt's meta object system. For example, the Message class below has a Status enum:

class Message : public QObject
{
    Q_OBJECT
    Q_PROPERTY(Status status READ status NOTIFY statusChanged)
public:
    enum Status {
        Ready,
        Loading,
        Error
    };
    Q_ENUM(Status)
    Status status() const;
signals:
    void statusChanged();
};

Providing the Message class has been registered with the QML type system, its Status enum can be used from QML:

Message {
     onStatusChanged: {
         if (status == Message.Ready)
             console.log("Message is loaded!")
     }
 }

To use an enum as a flags type in QML, see Q_FLAG().

...
enum class Status {
          Ready,
          Loading,
          Error
}
Q_ENUM(Status)
...

Enum classes are registered in QML as scoped and unscoped properties. The Ready value will be registered at Message.Status.Ready and Message.Ready .

When using enum classes, there can be multiple enums using the same identifiers. The unscoped registration will be overwriten by the last registered enum. For classes that contain such name conficts it is possible to disable the unscoped registration by annotating your class with a special Q_CLASSINFO macro. Use the name RegisterEnumClassesUnscoped with the value false to prevent scoped enums from being merged into the same name space.

class Message : public QObject
    {
        Q_OBJECT
        Q_CLASSINFO("RegisterEnumClassesUnscoped", "false")
        Q_ENUM(ScopedEnum)
        Q_ENUM(OtherValue)

    public:
        enum class ScopedEnum {
              Value1,
              Value2,
              OtherValue
        };
        enum class OtherValue {
              Value1,
              Value2
        };
    };

Enums from related types are usually registered in the scope of the relating type. For example any enum from a different type used in a Q_PROPERTY declaration causes all enums from that type to be made available in QML. This is usually more of a liability than a feature. In order to prevent it from happening, annotate your class with a special Q_CLASSINFO macro. Use the name RegisterEnumsFromRelatedTypes with the value false to prevent enums from related types from being registered in this type.

You should explicitly register the enclosing types of any enums you want to use in QML, using QML_ELEMENT or QML_NAMED_ELEMENT, rather than rely on their enums to be injected into other types.

class OtherType : public QObject
{
    Q_OBJECT
    QML_ELEMENT

public:
    enum SomeEnum { A, B, C };
    Q_ENUM(SomeEnum)

    enum AnotherEnum { D, E, F };
    Q_ENUM(AnotherEnum)
};

class Message : public QObject
{
    Q_OBJECT
    QML_ELEMENT

    // This would usually cause all enums from OtherType to be registered
    // as members of Message ...
    Q_PROPERTY(OtherType::SomeEnum someEnum READ someEnum CONSTANT)

    // ... but this way it doesn't.
    Q_CLASSINFO("RegisterEnumsFromRelatedTypes", "false")

public:
    OtherType::SomeEnum someEnum() const { return OtherType::B; }
};

The important difference is the scope for the enums in QML. If an enum from a related class is automatically registered, the scope is the type it is imported into. In the above case, without the extra Q_CLASSINFO, you would use Message.A, for example. If C++ type holding the enums is explicitly registered, and the registration of enums from related types is suppressed, the QML type for the C++ type holding the enums is the scope for all of its enums. You would use OtherType.A instead of Message.A in QML.

Mind that you can use QML_FOREIGN to register a type you cannot modify. You can also use QML_FOREIGN_NAMESPACE to register the enumerators of a C++ type into a QML namespace of any upper-case name, even if the same C++ type is also registered as a QML value type.

Enumeration Types as Signal and Method Parameters

C++ signals and methods with enumeration-type parameters can be used from QML provided that the enumeration and the signal or method are both declared within the same class, or that the enumeration value is one of those declared in the Qt Namespace.

Additionally, if a C++ signal with an enum parameter should be connectable to a QML function using the connect() function, the enum type must be registered using qRegisterMetaType().

For QML signals, enum values may be passed as signal parameters using the int type:

Message {
    signal someOtherSignal(int statusValue)

    Component.onCompleted: {
        someOtherSignal(Message.Loading)
    }
}