turbostat.c

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/*
 * turbostat -- show CPU frequency and C-state residency
 * on modern Intel turbo-capable processors.
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2012 Intel Corporation.
 * Len Brown <[email protected]>
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms and conditions of the GNU General Public License,
 * version 2, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for
 * more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
 * this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
 * 51 Franklin St - Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 */

#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/resource.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <sched.h>

#define MSR_NEHALEM_PLATFORM_INFO   0xCE
#define MSR_NEHALEM_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT   0x1AD
#define MSR_IVT_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT   0x1AE
#define MSR_APERF   0xE8
#define MSR_MPERF   0xE7
#define MSR_PKG_C2_RESIDENCY    0x60D   /* SNB only */
#define MSR_PKG_C3_RESIDENCY    0x3F8
#define MSR_PKG_C6_RESIDENCY    0x3F9
#define MSR_PKG_C7_RESIDENCY    0x3FA   /* SNB only */
#define MSR_CORE_C3_RESIDENCY   0x3FC
#define MSR_CORE_C6_RESIDENCY   0x3FD
#define MSR_CORE_C7_RESIDENCY   0x3FE   /* SNB only */

char *proc_stat = "/proc/stat";
unsigned int interval_sec = 5;  /* set with -i interval_sec */
unsigned int verbose;       /* set with -v */
unsigned int summary_only;  /* set with -s */
unsigned int skip_c0;
unsigned int skip_c1;
unsigned int do_nhm_cstates;
unsigned int do_snb_cstates;
unsigned int has_aperf;
unsigned int units = 1000000000;    /* Ghz etc */
unsigned int genuine_intel;
unsigned int has_invariant_tsc;
unsigned int do_nehalem_platform_info;
unsigned int do_nehalem_turbo_ratio_limit;
unsigned int do_ivt_turbo_ratio_limit;
unsigned int extra_msr_offset32;
unsigned int extra_msr_offset64;
unsigned int extra_delta_offset32;
unsigned int extra_delta_offset64;
double bclk;
unsigned int show_pkg;
unsigned int show_core;
unsigned int show_cpu;
unsigned int show_pkg_only;
unsigned int show_core_only;
char *output_buffer, *outp;

int aperf_mperf_unstable;
int backwards_count;
char *progname;

cpu_set_t *cpu_present_set, *cpu_affinity_set;
size_t cpu_present_setsize, cpu_affinity_setsize;

struct thread_data {
    unsigned long long tsc;
    unsigned long long aperf;
    unsigned long long mperf;
    unsigned long long c1;  /* derived */
    unsigned long long extra_msr64;
    unsigned long long extra_delta64;
    unsigned long long extra_msr32;
    unsigned long long extra_delta32;
    unsigned int cpu_id;
    unsigned int flags;
#define CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE 0x2
#define CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE    0x4
} *thread_even, *thread_odd;

struct core_data {
    unsigned long long c3;
    unsigned long long c6;
    unsigned long long c7;
    unsigned int core_id;
} *core_even, *core_odd;

struct pkg_data {
    unsigned long long pc2;
    unsigned long long pc3;
    unsigned long long pc6;
    unsigned long long pc7;
    unsigned int package_id;
} *package_even, *package_odd;

#define ODD_COUNTERS thread_odd, core_odd, package_odd
#define EVEN_COUNTERS thread_even, core_even, package_even

#define GET_THREAD(thread_base, thread_no, core_no, pkg_no) \
    (thread_base + (pkg_no) * topo.num_cores_per_pkg * \
        topo.num_threads_per_core + \
        (core_no) * topo.num_threads_per_core + (thread_no))
#define GET_CORE(core_base, core_no, pkg_no) \
    (core_base + (pkg_no) * topo.num_cores_per_pkg + (core_no))
#define GET_PKG(pkg_base, pkg_no) (pkg_base + pkg_no)

struct system_summary {
    struct thread_data threads;
    struct core_data cores;
    struct pkg_data packages;
} sum, average;


struct topo_params {
    int num_packages;
    int num_cpus;
    int num_cores;
    int max_cpu_num;
    int num_cores_per_pkg;
    int num_threads_per_core;
} topo;

struct timeval tv_even, tv_odd, tv_delta;

void setup_all_buffers(void);

int cpu_is_not_present(int cpu)
{
    return !CPU_ISSET_S(cpu, cpu_present_setsize, cpu_present_set);
}
/*
 * run func(thread, core, package) in topology order
 * skip non-present cpus
 */

int for_all_cpus(int (func)(struct thread_data *, struct core_data *, struct pkg_data *),
    struct thread_data *thread_base, struct core_data *core_base, struct pkg_data *pkg_base)
{
    int retval, pkg_no, core_no, thread_no;

    for (pkg_no = 0; pkg_no < topo.num_packages; ++pkg_no) {
        for (core_no = 0; core_no < topo.num_cores_per_pkg; ++core_no) {
            for (thread_no = 0; thread_no <
                topo.num_threads_per_core; ++thread_no) {
                struct thread_data *t;
                struct core_data *c;
                struct pkg_data *p;

                t = GET_THREAD(thread_base, thread_no, core_no, pkg_no);

                if (cpu_is_not_present(t->cpu_id))
                    continue;

                c = GET_CORE(core_base, core_no, pkg_no);
                p = GET_PKG(pkg_base, pkg_no);

                retval = func(t, c, p);
                if (retval)
                    return retval;
            }
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

int cpu_migrate(int cpu)
{
    CPU_ZERO_S(cpu_affinity_setsize, cpu_affinity_set);
    CPU_SET_S(cpu, cpu_affinity_setsize, cpu_affinity_set);
    if (sched_setaffinity(0, cpu_affinity_setsize, cpu_affinity_set) == -1)
        return -1;
    else
        return 0;
}

int get_msr(int cpu, off_t offset, unsigned long long *msr)
{
    ssize_t retval;
    char pathname[32];
    int fd;

    sprintf(pathname, "/dev/cpu/%d/msr", cpu);
    fd = open(pathname, O_RDONLY);
    if (fd < 0)
        return -1;

    retval = pread(fd, msr, sizeof *msr, offset);
    close(fd);

    if (retval != sizeof *msr) {
        fprintf(stderr, "%s offset 0x%zx read failed\n", pathname, offset);
        return -1;
    }

    return 0;
}

void print_header(void)
{
    if (show_pkg)
        outp += sprintf(outp, "pk");
    if (show_pkg)
        outp += sprintf(outp, " ");
    if (show_core)
        outp += sprintf(outp, "cor");
    if (show_cpu)
        outp += sprintf(outp, " CPU");
    if (show_pkg || show_core || show_cpu)
        outp += sprintf(outp, " ");
    if (do_nhm_cstates)
        outp += sprintf(outp, "   %%c0");
    if (has_aperf)
        outp += sprintf(outp, "  GHz");
    outp += sprintf(outp, "  TSC");
    if (extra_delta_offset32)
        outp += sprintf(outp, "  count 0x%03X", extra_delta_offset32);
    if (extra_delta_offset64)
        outp += sprintf(outp, "  COUNT 0x%03X", extra_delta_offset64);
    if (extra_msr_offset32)
        outp += sprintf(outp, "   MSR 0x%03X", extra_msr_offset32);
    if (extra_msr_offset64)
        outp += sprintf(outp, "           MSR 0x%03X", extra_msr_offset64);
    if (do_nhm_cstates)
        outp += sprintf(outp, "    %%c1");
    if (do_nhm_cstates)
        outp += sprintf(outp, "    %%c3");
    if (do_nhm_cstates)
        outp += sprintf(outp, "    %%c6");
    if (do_snb_cstates)
        outp += sprintf(outp, "    %%c7");
    if (do_snb_cstates)
        outp += sprintf(outp, "   %%pc2");
    if (do_nhm_cstates)
        outp += sprintf(outp, "   %%pc3");
    if (do_nhm_cstates)
        outp += sprintf(outp, "   %%pc6");
    if (do_snb_cstates)
        outp += sprintf(outp, "   %%pc7");

    outp += sprintf(outp, "\n");
}

int dump_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c,
    struct pkg_data *p)
{
    fprintf(stderr, "t %p, c %p, p %p\n", t, c, p);

    if (t) {
        fprintf(stderr, "CPU: %d flags 0x%x\n", t->cpu_id, t->flags);
        fprintf(stderr, "TSC: %016llX\n", t->tsc);
        fprintf(stderr, "aperf: %016llX\n", t->aperf);
        fprintf(stderr, "mperf: %016llX\n", t->mperf);
        fprintf(stderr, "c1: %016llX\n", t->c1);
        fprintf(stderr, "msr0x%x: %08llX\n",
            extra_delta_offset32, t->extra_delta32);
        fprintf(stderr, "msr0x%x: %016llX\n",
            extra_delta_offset64, t->extra_delta64);
        fprintf(stderr, "msr0x%x: %08llX\n",
            extra_msr_offset32, t->extra_msr32);
        fprintf(stderr, "msr0x%x: %016llX\n",
            extra_msr_offset64, t->extra_msr64);
    }

    if (c) {
        fprintf(stderr, "core: %d\n", c->core_id);
        fprintf(stderr, "c3: %016llX\n", c->c3);
        fprintf(stderr, "c6: %016llX\n", c->c6);
        fprintf(stderr, "c7: %016llX\n", c->c7);
    }

    if (p) {
        fprintf(stderr, "package: %d\n", p->package_id);
        fprintf(stderr, "pc2: %016llX\n", p->pc2);
        fprintf(stderr, "pc3: %016llX\n", p->pc3);
        fprintf(stderr, "pc6: %016llX\n", p->pc6);
        fprintf(stderr, "pc7: %016llX\n", p->pc7);
    }
    return 0;
}

/*
 * column formatting convention & formats
 * package: "pk" 2 columns %2d
 * core: "cor" 3 columns %3d
 * CPU: "CPU" 3 columns %3d
 * GHz: "GHz" 3 columns %3.2
 * TSC: "TSC" 3 columns %3.2
 * percentage " %pc3" %6.2
 */
int format_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c,
    struct pkg_data *p)
{
    double interval_float;

     /* if showing only 1st thread in core and this isn't one, bail out */
    if (show_core_only && !(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE))
        return 0;

     /* if showing only 1st thread in pkg and this isn't one, bail out */
    if (show_pkg_only && !(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
        return 0;

    interval_float = tv_delta.tv_sec + tv_delta.tv_usec/1000000.0;

    /* topo columns, print blanks on 1st (average) line */
    if (t == &average.threads) {
        if (show_pkg)
            outp += sprintf(outp, "  ");
        if (show_pkg && show_core)
            outp += sprintf(outp, " ");
        if (show_core)
            outp += sprintf(outp, "   ");
        if (show_cpu)
            outp += sprintf(outp, " " "   ");
    } else {
        if (show_pkg) {
            if (p)
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%2d", p->package_id);
            else
                outp += sprintf(outp, "  ");
        }
        if (show_pkg && show_core)
            outp += sprintf(outp, " ");
        if (show_core) {
            if (c)
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%3d", c->core_id);
            else
                outp += sprintf(outp, "   ");
        }
        if (show_cpu)
            outp += sprintf(outp, " %3d", t->cpu_id);
    }

    /* %c0 */
    if (do_nhm_cstates) {
        if (show_pkg || show_core || show_cpu)
            outp += sprintf(outp, " ");
        if (!skip_c0)
            outp += sprintf(outp, "%6.2f", 100.0 * t->mperf/t->tsc);
        else
            outp += sprintf(outp, "  ****");
    }

    /* GHz */
    if (has_aperf) {
        if (!aperf_mperf_unstable) {
            outp += sprintf(outp, " %3.2f",
                1.0 * t->tsc / units * t->aperf /
                t->mperf / interval_float);
        } else {
            if (t->aperf > t->tsc || t->mperf > t->tsc) {
                outp += sprintf(outp, " ***");
            } else {
                outp += sprintf(outp, "%3.1f*",
                    1.0 * t->tsc /
                    units * t->aperf /
                    t->mperf / interval_float);
            }
        }
    }

    /* TSC */
    outp += sprintf(outp, "%5.2f", 1.0 * t->tsc/units/interval_float);

    /* delta */
    if (extra_delta_offset32)
        outp += sprintf(outp, "  %11llu", t->extra_delta32);

    /* DELTA */
    if (extra_delta_offset64)
        outp += sprintf(outp, "  %11llu", t->extra_delta64);
    /* msr */
    if (extra_msr_offset32)
        outp += sprintf(outp, "  0x%08llx", t->extra_msr32);

    /* MSR */
    if (extra_msr_offset64)
        outp += sprintf(outp, "  0x%016llx", t->extra_msr64);

    if (do_nhm_cstates) {
        if (!skip_c1)
            outp += sprintf(outp, " %6.2f", 100.0 * t->c1/t->tsc);
        else
            outp += sprintf(outp, "  ****");
    }

    /* print per-core data only for 1st thread in core */
    if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE))
        goto done;

    if (do_nhm_cstates)
        outp += sprintf(outp, " %6.2f", 100.0 * c->c3/t->tsc);
    if (do_nhm_cstates)
        outp += sprintf(outp, " %6.2f", 100.0 * c->c6/t->tsc);
    if (do_snb_cstates)
        outp += sprintf(outp, " %6.2f", 100.0 * c->c7/t->tsc);

    /* print per-package data only for 1st core in package */
    if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
        goto done;

    if (do_snb_cstates)
        outp += sprintf(outp, " %6.2f", 100.0 * p->pc2/t->tsc);
    if (do_nhm_cstates)
        outp += sprintf(outp, " %6.2f", 100.0 * p->pc3/t->tsc);
    if (do_nhm_cstates)
        outp += sprintf(outp, " %6.2f", 100.0 * p->pc6/t->tsc);
    if (do_snb_cstates)
        outp += sprintf(outp, " %6.2f", 100.0 * p->pc7/t->tsc);
done:
    outp += sprintf(outp, "\n");

    return 0;
}

void flush_stdout()
{
    fputs(output_buffer, stdout);
    outp = output_buffer;
}
void flush_stderr()
{
    fputs(output_buffer, stderr);
    outp = output_buffer;
}
void format_all_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
{
    static int printed;

    if (!printed || !summary_only)
        print_header();

    if (topo.num_cpus > 1)
        format_counters(&average.threads, &average.cores,
            &average.packages);

    printed = 1;

    if (summary_only)
        return;

    for_all_cpus(format_counters, t, c, p);
}

void
delta_package(struct pkg_data *new, struct pkg_data *old)
{
    old->pc2 = new->pc2 - old->pc2;
    old->pc3 = new->pc3 - old->pc3;
    old->pc6 = new->pc6 - old->pc6;
    old->pc7 = new->pc7 - old->pc7;
}

void
delta_core(struct core_data *new, struct core_data *old)
{
    old->c3 = new->c3 - old->c3;
    old->c6 = new->c6 - old->c6;
    old->c7 = new->c7 - old->c7;
}

/*
 * old = new - old
 */
void
delta_thread(struct thread_data *new, struct thread_data *old,
    struct core_data *core_delta)
{
    old->tsc = new->tsc - old->tsc;

    /* check for TSC < 1 Mcycles over interval */
    if (old->tsc < (1000 * 1000)) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Insanely slow TSC rate, TSC stops in idle?\n");
        fprintf(stderr, "You can disable all c-states by booting with \"idle=poll\"\n");
        fprintf(stderr, "or just the deep ones with \"processor.max_cstate=1\"\n");
        exit(-3);
    }

    old->c1 = new->c1 - old->c1;

    if ((new->aperf > old->aperf) && (new->mperf > old->mperf)) {
        old->aperf = new->aperf - old->aperf;
        old->mperf = new->mperf - old->mperf;
    } else {

        if (!aperf_mperf_unstable) {
            fprintf(stderr, "%s: APERF or MPERF went backwards *\n", progname);
            fprintf(stderr, "* Frequency results do not cover entire interval *\n");
            fprintf(stderr, "* fix this by running Linux-2.6.30 or later *\n");

            aperf_mperf_unstable = 1;
        }
        /*
         * mperf delta is likely a huge "positive" number
         * can not use it for calculating c0 time
         */
        skip_c0 = 1;
        skip_c1 = 1;
    }


    /*
     * As counter collection is not atomic,
     * it is possible for mperf's non-halted cycles + idle states
     * to exceed TSC's all cycles: show c1 = 0% in that case.
     */
    if ((old->mperf + core_delta->c3 + core_delta->c6 + core_delta->c7) > old->tsc)
        old->c1 = 0;
    else {
        /* normal case, derive c1 */
        old->c1 = old->tsc - old->mperf - core_delta->c3
                - core_delta->c6 - core_delta->c7;
    }

    if (old->mperf == 0) {
        if (verbose > 1) fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d MPERF 0!\n", old->cpu_id);
        old->mperf = 1; /* divide by 0 protection */
    }

    old->extra_delta32 = new->extra_delta32 - old->extra_delta32;
    old->extra_delta32 &= 0xFFFFFFFF;

    old->extra_delta64 = new->extra_delta64 - old->extra_delta64;

    /*
     * Extra MSR is just a snapshot, simply copy latest w/o subtracting
     */
    old->extra_msr32 = new->extra_msr32;
    old->extra_msr64 = new->extra_msr64;
}

int delta_cpu(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c,
    struct pkg_data *p, struct thread_data *t2,
    struct core_data *c2, struct pkg_data *p2)
{
    /* calculate core delta only for 1st thread in core */
    if (t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE)
        delta_core(c, c2);

    /* always calculate thread delta */
    delta_thread(t, t2, c2);    /* c2 is core delta */

    /* calculate package delta only for 1st core in package */
    if (t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE)
        delta_package(p, p2);

    return 0;
}

void clear_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
{
    t->tsc = 0;
    t->aperf = 0;
    t->mperf = 0;
    t->c1 = 0;

    t->extra_delta32 = 0;
    t->extra_delta64 = 0;

    /* tells format_counters to dump all fields from this set */
    t->flags = CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE | CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE;

    c->c3 = 0;
    c->c6 = 0;
    c->c7 = 0;

    p->pc2 = 0;
    p->pc3 = 0;
    p->pc6 = 0;
    p->pc7 = 0;
}
int sum_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c,
    struct pkg_data *p)
{
    average.threads.tsc += t->tsc;
    average.threads.aperf += t->aperf;
    average.threads.mperf += t->mperf;
    average.threads.c1 += t->c1;

    average.threads.extra_delta32 += t->extra_delta32;
    average.threads.extra_delta64 += t->extra_delta64;

    /* sum per-core values only for 1st thread in core */
    if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE))
        return 0;

    average.cores.c3 += c->c3;
    average.cores.c6 += c->c6;
    average.cores.c7 += c->c7;

    /* sum per-pkg values only for 1st core in pkg */
    if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
        return 0;

    average.packages.pc2 += p->pc2;
    average.packages.pc3 += p->pc3;
    average.packages.pc6 += p->pc6;
    average.packages.pc7 += p->pc7;

    return 0;
}
/*
 * sum the counters for all cpus in the system
 * compute the weighted average
 */
void compute_average(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c,
    struct pkg_data *p)
{
    clear_counters(&average.threads, &average.cores, &average.packages);

    for_all_cpus(sum_counters, t, c, p);

    average.threads.tsc /= topo.num_cpus;
    average.threads.aperf /= topo.num_cpus;
    average.threads.mperf /= topo.num_cpus;
    average.threads.c1 /= topo.num_cpus;

    average.threads.extra_delta32 /= topo.num_cpus;
    average.threads.extra_delta32 &= 0xFFFFFFFF;

    average.threads.extra_delta64 /= topo.num_cpus;

    average.cores.c3 /= topo.num_cores;
    average.cores.c6 /= topo.num_cores;
    average.cores.c7 /= topo.num_cores;

    average.packages.pc2 /= topo.num_packages;
    average.packages.pc3 /= topo.num_packages;
    average.packages.pc6 /= topo.num_packages;
    average.packages.pc7 /= topo.num_packages;
}

static unsigned long long rdtsc(void)
{
    unsigned int low, high;

    asm volatile("rdtsc" : "=a" (low), "=d" (high));

    return low | ((unsigned long long)high) << 32;
}


/*
 * get_counters(...)
 * migrate to cpu
 * acquire and record local counters for that cpu
 */
int get_counters(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pkg_data *p)
{
    int cpu = t->cpu_id;

    if (cpu_migrate(cpu))
        return -1;

    t->tsc = rdtsc();   /* we are running on local CPU of interest */

    if (has_aperf) {
        if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_APERF, &t->aperf))
            return -3;
        if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_MPERF, &t->mperf))
            return -4;
    }

    if (extra_delta_offset32) {
        if (get_msr(cpu, extra_delta_offset32, &t->extra_delta32))
            return -5;
        t->extra_delta32 &= 0xFFFFFFFF;
    }

    if (extra_delta_offset64)
        if (get_msr(cpu, extra_delta_offset64, &t->extra_delta64))
            return -5;

    if (extra_msr_offset32) {
        if (get_msr(cpu, extra_msr_offset32, &t->extra_msr32))
            return -5;
        t->extra_msr32 &= 0xFFFFFFFF;
    }

    if (extra_msr_offset64)
        if (get_msr(cpu, extra_msr_offset64, &t->extra_msr64))
            return -5;

    /* collect core counters only for 1st thread in core */
    if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE))
        return 0;

    if (do_nhm_cstates) {
        if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_CORE_C3_RESIDENCY, &c->c3))
            return -6;
        if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_CORE_C6_RESIDENCY, &c->c6))
            return -7;
    }

    if (do_snb_cstates)
        if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_CORE_C7_RESIDENCY, &c->c7))
            return -8;

    /* collect package counters only for 1st core in package */
    if (!(t->flags & CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE))
        return 0;

    if (do_nhm_cstates) {
        if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C3_RESIDENCY, &p->pc3))
            return -9;
        if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C6_RESIDENCY, &p->pc6))
            return -10;
    }
    if (do_snb_cstates) {
        if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C2_RESIDENCY, &p->pc2))
            return -11;
        if (get_msr(cpu, MSR_PKG_C7_RESIDENCY, &p->pc7))
            return -12;
    }
    return 0;
}

void print_verbose_header(void)
{
    unsigned long long msr;
    unsigned int ratio;

    if (!do_nehalem_platform_info)
        return;

    get_msr(0, MSR_NEHALEM_PLATFORM_INFO, &msr);

    if (verbose > 1)
        fprintf(stderr, "MSR_NEHALEM_PLATFORM_INFO: 0x%llx\n", msr);

    ratio = (msr >> 40) & 0xFF;
    fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max efficiency\n",
        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

    ratio = (msr >> 8) & 0xFF;
    fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz TSC frequency\n",
        ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

    if (!do_ivt_turbo_ratio_limit)
        goto print_nhm_turbo_ratio_limits;

    get_msr(0, MSR_IVT_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT, &msr);

    if (verbose > 1)
        fprintf(stderr, "MSR_IVT_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT: 0x%llx\n", msr);

    ratio = (msr >> 56) & 0xFF;
    if (ratio)
        fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 16 active cores\n",
            ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

    ratio = (msr >> 48) & 0xFF;
    if (ratio)
        fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 15 active cores\n",
            ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

    ratio = (msr >> 40) & 0xFF;
    if (ratio)
        fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 14 active cores\n",
            ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

    ratio = (msr >> 32) & 0xFF;
    if (ratio)
        fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 13 active cores\n",
            ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

    ratio = (msr >> 24) & 0xFF;
    if (ratio)
        fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 12 active cores\n",
            ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

    ratio = (msr >> 16) & 0xFF;
    if (ratio)
        fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 11 active cores\n",
            ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

    ratio = (msr >> 8) & 0xFF;
    if (ratio)
        fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 10 active cores\n",
            ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

    ratio = (msr >> 0) & 0xFF;
    if (ratio)
        fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 9 active cores\n",
            ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

print_nhm_turbo_ratio_limits:

    if (!do_nehalem_turbo_ratio_limit)
        return;

    get_msr(0, MSR_NEHALEM_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT, &msr);

    if (verbose > 1)
        fprintf(stderr, "MSR_NEHALEM_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT: 0x%llx\n", msr);

    ratio = (msr >> 56) & 0xFF;
    if (ratio)
        fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 8 active cores\n",
            ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

    ratio = (msr >> 48) & 0xFF;
    if (ratio)
        fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 7 active cores\n",
            ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

    ratio = (msr >> 40) & 0xFF;
    if (ratio)
        fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 6 active cores\n",
            ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

    ratio = (msr >> 32) & 0xFF;
    if (ratio)
        fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 5 active cores\n",
            ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

    ratio = (msr >> 24) & 0xFF;
    if (ratio)
        fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 4 active cores\n",
            ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

    ratio = (msr >> 16) & 0xFF;
    if (ratio)
        fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 3 active cores\n",
            ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

    ratio = (msr >> 8) & 0xFF;
    if (ratio)
        fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 2 active cores\n",
            ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);

    ratio = (msr >> 0) & 0xFF;
    if (ratio)
        fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz max turbo 1 active cores\n",
            ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
}

void free_all_buffers(void)
{
    CPU_FREE(cpu_present_set);
    cpu_present_set = NULL;
    cpu_present_set = 0;

    CPU_FREE(cpu_affinity_set);
    cpu_affinity_set = NULL;
    cpu_affinity_setsize = 0;

    free(thread_even);
    free(core_even);
    free(package_even);

    thread_even = NULL;
    core_even = NULL;
    package_even = NULL;

    free(thread_odd);
    free(core_odd);
    free(package_odd);

    thread_odd = NULL;
    core_odd = NULL;
    package_odd = NULL;

    free(output_buffer);
    output_buffer = NULL;
    outp = NULL;
}

/*
 * cpu_is_first_sibling_in_core(cpu)
 * return 1 if given CPU is 1st HT sibling in the core
 */
int cpu_is_first_sibling_in_core(int cpu)
{
    char path[64];
    FILE *filep;
    int first_cpu;

    sprintf(path, "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/thread_siblings_list", cpu);
    filep = fopen(path, "r");
    if (filep == NULL) {
        perror(path);
        exit(1);
    }
    fscanf(filep, "%d", &first_cpu);
    fclose(filep);
    return (cpu == first_cpu);
}

/*
 * cpu_is_first_core_in_package(cpu)
 * return 1 if given CPU is 1st core in package
 */
int cpu_is_first_core_in_package(int cpu)
{
    char path[64];
    FILE *filep;
    int first_cpu;

    sprintf(path, "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/core_siblings_list", cpu);
    filep = fopen(path, "r");
    if (filep == NULL) {
        perror(path);
        exit(1);
    }
    fscanf(filep, "%d", &first_cpu);
    fclose(filep);
    return (cpu == first_cpu);
}

int get_physical_package_id(int cpu)
{
    char path[80];
    FILE *filep;
    int pkg;

    sprintf(path, "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/physical_package_id", cpu);
    filep = fopen(path, "r");
    if (filep == NULL) {
        perror(path);
        exit(1);
    }
    fscanf(filep, "%d", &pkg);
    fclose(filep);
    return pkg;
}

int get_core_id(int cpu)
{
    char path[80];
    FILE *filep;
    int core;

    sprintf(path, "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/core_id", cpu);
    filep = fopen(path, "r");
    if (filep == NULL) {
        perror(path);
        exit(1);
    }
    fscanf(filep, "%d", &core);
    fclose(filep);
    return core;
}

int get_num_ht_siblings(int cpu)
{
    char path[80];
    FILE *filep;
    int sib1, sib2;
    int matches;
    char character;

    sprintf(path, "/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu%d/topology/thread_siblings_list", cpu);
    filep = fopen(path, "r");
    if (filep == NULL) {
        perror(path);
        exit(1);
    }
    /*
     * file format:
     * if a pair of number with a character between: 2 siblings (eg. 1-2, or 1,4)
     * otherwinse 1 sibling (self).
     */
    matches = fscanf(filep, "%d%c%d\n", &sib1, &character, &sib2);

    fclose(filep);

    if (matches == 3)
        return 2;
    else
        return 1;
}

/*
 * run func(thread, core, package) in topology order
 * skip non-present cpus
 */

int for_all_cpus_2(int (func)(struct thread_data *, struct core_data *,
    struct pkg_data *, struct thread_data *, struct core_data *,
    struct pkg_data *), struct thread_data *thread_base,
    struct core_data *core_base, struct pkg_data *pkg_base,
    struct thread_data *thread_base2, struct core_data *core_base2,
    struct pkg_data *pkg_base2)
{
    int retval, pkg_no, core_no, thread_no;

    for (pkg_no = 0; pkg_no < topo.num_packages; ++pkg_no) {
        for (core_no = 0; core_no < topo.num_cores_per_pkg; ++core_no) {
            for (thread_no = 0; thread_no <
                topo.num_threads_per_core; ++thread_no) {
                struct thread_data *t, *t2;
                struct core_data *c, *c2;
                struct pkg_data *p, *p2;

                t = GET_THREAD(thread_base, thread_no, core_no, pkg_no);

                if (cpu_is_not_present(t->cpu_id))
                    continue;

                t2 = GET_THREAD(thread_base2, thread_no, core_no, pkg_no);

                c = GET_CORE(core_base, core_no, pkg_no);
                c2 = GET_CORE(core_base2, core_no, pkg_no);

                p = GET_PKG(pkg_base, pkg_no);
                p2 = GET_PKG(pkg_base2, pkg_no);

                retval = func(t, c, p, t2, c2, p2);
                if (retval)
                    return retval;
            }
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

/*
 * run func(cpu) on every cpu in /proc/stat
 * return max_cpu number
 */
int for_all_proc_cpus(int (func)(int))
{
    FILE *fp;
    int cpu_num;
    int retval;

    fp = fopen(proc_stat, "r");
    if (fp == NULL) {
        perror(proc_stat);
        exit(1);
    }

    retval = fscanf(fp, "cpu %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d\n");
    if (retval != 0) {
        perror("/proc/stat format");
        exit(1);
    }

    while (1) {
        retval = fscanf(fp, "cpu%u %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d\n", &cpu_num);
        if (retval != 1)
            break;

        retval = func(cpu_num);
        if (retval) {
            fclose(fp);
            return(retval);
        }
    }
    fclose(fp);
    return 0;
}

void re_initialize(void)
{
    free_all_buffers();
    setup_all_buffers();
    printf("turbostat: re-initialized with num_cpus %d\n", topo.num_cpus);
}


/*
 * count_cpus()
 * remember the last one seen, it will be the max
 */
int count_cpus(int cpu)
{
    if (topo.max_cpu_num < cpu)
        topo.max_cpu_num = cpu;

    topo.num_cpus += 1;
    return 0;
}
int mark_cpu_present(int cpu)
{
    CPU_SET_S(cpu, cpu_present_setsize, cpu_present_set);
    return 0;
}

void turbostat_loop()
{
    int retval;

restart:
    retval = for_all_cpus(get_counters, EVEN_COUNTERS);
    if (retval < -1) {
        exit(retval);
    } else if (retval == -1) {
        re_initialize();
        goto restart;
    }
    gettimeofday(&tv_even, (struct timezone *)NULL);

    while (1) {
        if (for_all_proc_cpus(cpu_is_not_present)) {
            re_initialize();
            goto restart;
        }
        sleep(interval_sec);
        retval = for_all_cpus(get_counters, ODD_COUNTERS);
        if (retval < -1) {
            exit(retval);
        } else if (retval == -1) {
            re_initialize();
            goto restart;
        }
        gettimeofday(&tv_odd, (struct timezone *)NULL);
        timersub(&tv_odd, &tv_even, &tv_delta);
        for_all_cpus_2(delta_cpu, ODD_COUNTERS, EVEN_COUNTERS);
        compute_average(EVEN_COUNTERS);
        format_all_counters(EVEN_COUNTERS);
        flush_stdout();
        sleep(interval_sec);
        retval = for_all_cpus(get_counters, EVEN_COUNTERS);
        if (retval < -1) {
            exit(retval);
        } else if (retval == -1) {
            re_initialize();
            goto restart;
        }
        gettimeofday(&tv_even, (struct timezone *)NULL);
        timersub(&tv_even, &tv_odd, &tv_delta);
        for_all_cpus_2(delta_cpu, EVEN_COUNTERS, ODD_COUNTERS);
        compute_average(ODD_COUNTERS);
        format_all_counters(ODD_COUNTERS);
        flush_stdout();
    }
}

void check_dev_msr()
{
    struct stat sb;

    if (stat("/dev/cpu/0/msr", &sb)) {
        fprintf(stderr, "no /dev/cpu/0/msr\n");
        fprintf(stderr, "Try \"# modprobe msr\"\n");
        exit(-5);
    }
}

void check_super_user()
{
    if (getuid() != 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "must be root\n");
        exit(-6);
    }
}

int has_nehalem_turbo_ratio_limit(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
{
    if (!genuine_intel)
        return 0;

    if (family != 6)
        return 0;

    switch (model) {
    case 0x1A:  /* Core i7, Xeon 5500 series - Bloomfield, Gainstown NHM-EP */
    case 0x1E:  /* Core i7 and i5 Processor - Clarksfield, Lynnfield, Jasper Forest */
    case 0x1F:  /* Core i7 and i5 Processor - Nehalem */
    case 0x25:  /* Westmere Client - Clarkdale, Arrandale */
    case 0x2C:  /* Westmere EP - Gulftown */
    case 0x2A:  /* SNB */
    case 0x2D:  /* SNB Xeon */
    case 0x3A:  /* IVB */
    case 0x3E:  /* IVB Xeon */
        return 1;
    case 0x2E:  /* Nehalem-EX Xeon - Beckton */
    case 0x2F:  /* Westmere-EX Xeon - Eagleton */
    default:
        return 0;
    }
}
int has_ivt_turbo_ratio_limit(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
{
    if (!genuine_intel)
        return 0;

    if (family != 6)
        return 0;

    switch (model) {
    case 0x3E:  /* IVB Xeon */
        return 1;
    default:
        return 0;
    }
}


int is_snb(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
{
    if (!genuine_intel)
        return 0;

    switch (model) {
    case 0x2A:
    case 0x2D:
    case 0x3A:  /* IVB */
    case 0x3E:  /* IVB Xeon */
        return 1;
    }
    return 0;
}

double discover_bclk(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
{
    if (is_snb(family, model))
        return 100.00;
    else
        return 133.33;
}

void check_cpuid()
{
    unsigned int eax, ebx, ecx, edx, max_level;
    unsigned int fms, family, model, stepping;

    eax = ebx = ecx = edx = 0;

    asm("cpuid" : "=a" (max_level), "=b" (ebx), "=c" (ecx), "=d" (edx) : "a" (0));

    if (ebx == 0x756e6547 && edx == 0x49656e69 && ecx == 0x6c65746e)
        genuine_intel = 1;

    if (verbose)
        fprintf(stderr, "%.4s%.4s%.4s ",
            (char *)&ebx, (char *)&edx, (char *)&ecx);

    asm("cpuid" : "=a" (fms), "=c" (ecx), "=d" (edx) : "a" (1) : "ebx");
    family = (fms >> 8) & 0xf;
    model = (fms >> 4) & 0xf;
    stepping = fms & 0xf;
    if (family == 6 || family == 0xf)
        model += ((fms >> 16) & 0xf) << 4;

    if (verbose)
        fprintf(stderr, "%d CPUID levels; family:model:stepping 0x%x:%x:%x (%d:%d:%d)\n",
            max_level, family, model, stepping, family, model, stepping);

    if (!(edx & (1 << 5))) {
        fprintf(stderr, "CPUID: no MSR\n");
        exit(1);
    }

    /*
     * check max extended function levels of CPUID.
     * This is needed to check for invariant TSC.
     * This check is valid for both Intel and AMD.
     */
    ebx = ecx = edx = 0;
    asm("cpuid" : "=a" (max_level), "=b" (ebx), "=c" (ecx), "=d" (edx) : "a" (0x80000000));

    if (max_level < 0x80000007) {
        fprintf(stderr, "CPUID: no invariant TSC (max_level 0x%x)\n", max_level);
        exit(1);
    }

    /*
     * Non-Stop TSC is advertised by CPUID.EAX=0x80000007: EDX.bit8
     * this check is valid for both Intel and AMD
     */
    asm("cpuid" : "=a" (eax), "=b" (ebx), "=c" (ecx), "=d" (edx) : "a" (0x80000007));
    has_invariant_tsc = edx & (1 << 8);

    if (!has_invariant_tsc) {
        fprintf(stderr, "No invariant TSC\n");
        exit(1);
    }

    /*
     * APERF/MPERF is advertised by CPUID.EAX=0x6: ECX.bit0
     * this check is valid for both Intel and AMD
     */

    asm("cpuid" : "=a" (eax), "=b" (ebx), "=c" (ecx), "=d" (edx) : "a" (0x6));
    has_aperf = ecx & (1 << 0);
    if (!has_aperf) {
        fprintf(stderr, "No APERF MSR\n");
        exit(1);
    }

    do_nehalem_platform_info = genuine_intel && has_invariant_tsc;
    do_nhm_cstates = genuine_intel; /* all Intel w/ non-stop TSC have NHM counters */
    do_snb_cstates = is_snb(family, model);
    bclk = discover_bclk(family, model);

    do_nehalem_turbo_ratio_limit = has_nehalem_turbo_ratio_limit(family, model);
    do_ivt_turbo_ratio_limit = has_ivt_turbo_ratio_limit(family, model);
}


void usage()
{
    fprintf(stderr, "%s: [-v][-p|-P|-S][-c MSR# | -s]][-C MSR#][-m MSR#][-M MSR#][-i interval_sec | command ...]\n",
        progname);
    exit(1);
}


/*
 * in /dev/cpu/ return success for names that are numbers
 * ie. filter out ".", "..", "microcode".
 */
int dir_filter(const struct dirent *dirp)
{
    if (isdigit(dirp->d_name[0]))
        return 1;
    else
        return 0;
}

int open_dev_cpu_msr(int dummy1)
{
    return 0;
}

void topology_probe()
{
    int i;
    int max_core_id = 0;
    int max_package_id = 0;
    int max_siblings = 0;
    struct cpu_topology {
        int core_id;
        int physical_package_id;
    } *cpus;

    /* Initialize num_cpus, max_cpu_num */
    topo.num_cpus = 0;
    topo.max_cpu_num = 0;
    for_all_proc_cpus(count_cpus);
    if (!summary_only && topo.num_cpus > 1)
        show_cpu = 1;

    if (verbose > 1)
        fprintf(stderr, "num_cpus %d max_cpu_num %d\n", topo.num_cpus, topo.max_cpu_num);

    cpus = calloc(1, (topo.max_cpu_num  + 1) * sizeof(struct cpu_topology));
    if (cpus == NULL) {
        perror("calloc cpus");
        exit(1);
    }

    /*
     * Allocate and initialize cpu_present_set
     */
    cpu_present_set = CPU_ALLOC((topo.max_cpu_num + 1));
    if (cpu_present_set == NULL) {
        perror("CPU_ALLOC");
        exit(3);
    }
    cpu_present_setsize = CPU_ALLOC_SIZE((topo.max_cpu_num + 1));
    CPU_ZERO_S(cpu_present_setsize, cpu_present_set);
    for_all_proc_cpus(mark_cpu_present);

    /*
     * Allocate and initialize cpu_affinity_set
     */
    cpu_affinity_set = CPU_ALLOC((topo.max_cpu_num + 1));
    if (cpu_affinity_set == NULL) {
        perror("CPU_ALLOC");
        exit(3);
    }
    cpu_affinity_setsize = CPU_ALLOC_SIZE((topo.max_cpu_num + 1));
    CPU_ZERO_S(cpu_affinity_setsize, cpu_affinity_set);


    /*
     * For online cpus
     * find max_core_id, max_package_id
     */
    for (i = 0; i <= topo.max_cpu_num; ++i) {
        int siblings;

        if (cpu_is_not_present(i)) {
            if (verbose > 1)
                fprintf(stderr, "cpu%d NOT PRESENT\n", i);
            continue;
        }
        cpus[i].core_id = get_core_id(i);
        if (cpus[i].core_id > max_core_id)
            max_core_id = cpus[i].core_id;

        cpus[i].physical_package_id = get_physical_package_id(i);
        if (cpus[i].physical_package_id > max_package_id)
            max_package_id = cpus[i].physical_package_id;

        siblings = get_num_ht_siblings(i);
        if (siblings > max_siblings)
            max_siblings = siblings;
        if (verbose > 1)
            fprintf(stderr, "cpu %d pkg %d core %d\n",
                i, cpus[i].physical_package_id, cpus[i].core_id);
    }
    topo.num_cores_per_pkg = max_core_id + 1;
    if (verbose > 1)
        fprintf(stderr, "max_core_id %d, sizing for %d cores per package\n",
            max_core_id, topo.num_cores_per_pkg);
    if (!summary_only && topo.num_cores_per_pkg > 1)
        show_core = 1;

    topo.num_packages = max_package_id + 1;
    if (verbose > 1)
        fprintf(stderr, "max_package_id %d, sizing for %d packages\n",
            max_package_id, topo.num_packages);
    if (!summary_only && topo.num_packages > 1)
        show_pkg = 1;

    topo.num_threads_per_core = max_siblings;
    if (verbose > 1)
        fprintf(stderr, "max_siblings %d\n", max_siblings);

    free(cpus);
}

void
allocate_counters(struct thread_data **t, struct core_data **c, struct pkg_data **p)
{
    int i;

    *t = calloc(topo.num_threads_per_core * topo.num_cores_per_pkg *
        topo.num_packages, sizeof(struct thread_data));
    if (*t == NULL)
        goto error;

    for (i = 0; i < topo.num_threads_per_core *
        topo.num_cores_per_pkg * topo.num_packages; i++)
        (*t)[i].cpu_id = -1;

    *c = calloc(topo.num_cores_per_pkg * topo.num_packages,
        sizeof(struct core_data));
    if (*c == NULL)
        goto error;

    for (i = 0; i < topo.num_cores_per_pkg * topo.num_packages; i++)
        (*c)[i].core_id = -1;

    *p = calloc(topo.num_packages, sizeof(struct pkg_data));
    if (*p == NULL)
        goto error;

    for (i = 0; i < topo.num_packages; i++)
        (*p)[i].package_id = i;

    return;
error:
    perror("calloc counters");
    exit(1);
}
/*
 * init_counter()
 *
 * set cpu_id, core_num, pkg_num
 * set FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE and FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE
 *
 * increment topo.num_cores when 1st core in pkg seen
 */
void init_counter(struct thread_data *thread_base, struct core_data *core_base,
    struct pkg_data *pkg_base, int thread_num, int core_num,
    int pkg_num, int cpu_id)
{
    struct thread_data *t;
    struct core_data *c;
    struct pkg_data *p;

    t = GET_THREAD(thread_base, thread_num, core_num, pkg_num);
    c = GET_CORE(core_base, core_num, pkg_num);
    p = GET_PKG(pkg_base, pkg_num);

    t->cpu_id = cpu_id;
    if (thread_num == 0) {
        t->flags |= CPU_IS_FIRST_THREAD_IN_CORE;
        if (cpu_is_first_core_in_package(cpu_id))
            t->flags |= CPU_IS_FIRST_CORE_IN_PACKAGE;
    }

    c->core_id = core_num;
    p->package_id = pkg_num;
}


int initialize_counters(int cpu_id)
{
    int my_thread_id, my_core_id, my_package_id;

    my_package_id = get_physical_package_id(cpu_id);
    my_core_id = get_core_id(cpu_id);

    if (cpu_is_first_sibling_in_core(cpu_id)) {
        my_thread_id = 0;
        topo.num_cores++;
    } else {
        my_thread_id = 1;
    }

    init_counter(EVEN_COUNTERS, my_thread_id, my_core_id, my_package_id, cpu_id);
    init_counter(ODD_COUNTERS, my_thread_id, my_core_id, my_package_id, cpu_id);
    return 0;
}

void allocate_output_buffer()
{
    output_buffer = calloc(1, (1 + topo.num_cpus) * 128);
    outp = output_buffer;
    if (outp == NULL) {
        perror("calloc");
        exit(-1);
    }
}

void setup_all_buffers(void)
{
    topology_probe();
    allocate_counters(&thread_even, &core_even, &package_even);
    allocate_counters(&thread_odd, &core_odd, &package_odd);
    allocate_output_buffer();
    for_all_proc_cpus(initialize_counters);
}
void turbostat_init()
{
    check_cpuid();

    check_dev_msr();
    check_super_user();

    setup_all_buffers();

    if (verbose)
        print_verbose_header();
}

int fork_it(char **argv)
{
    pid_t child_pid;
    int status;

    status = for_all_cpus(get_counters, EVEN_COUNTERS);
    if (status)
        exit(status);
    /* clear affinity side-effect of get_counters() */
    sched_setaffinity(0, cpu_present_setsize, cpu_present_set);
    gettimeofday(&tv_even, (struct timezone *)NULL);

    child_pid = fork();
    if (!child_pid) {
        /* child */
        execvp(argv[0], argv);
    } else {

        /* parent */
        if (child_pid == -1) {
            perror("fork");
            exit(1);
        }

        signal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
        signal(SIGQUIT, SIG_IGN);
        if (waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0) == -1) {
            perror("wait");
            exit(status);
        }
    }
    /*
     * n.b. fork_it() does not check for errors from for_all_cpus()
     * because re-starting is problematic when forking
     */
    for_all_cpus(get_counters, ODD_COUNTERS);
    gettimeofday(&tv_odd, (struct timezone *)NULL);
    timersub(&tv_odd, &tv_even, &tv_delta);
    for_all_cpus_2(delta_cpu, ODD_COUNTERS, EVEN_COUNTERS);
    compute_average(EVEN_COUNTERS);
    format_all_counters(EVEN_COUNTERS);
    flush_stderr();

    fprintf(stderr, "%.6f sec\n", tv_delta.tv_sec + tv_delta.tv_usec/1000000.0);

    return status;
}

void cmdline(int argc, char **argv)
{
    int opt;

    progname = argv[0];

    while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "+pPSvi:sc:sC:m:M:")) != -1) {
        switch (opt) {
        case 'p':
            show_core_only++;
            break;
        case 'P':
            show_pkg_only++;
            break;
        case 'S':
            summary_only++;
            break;
        case 'v':
            verbose++;
            break;
        case 'i':
            interval_sec = atoi(optarg);
            break;
        case 'c':
            sscanf(optarg, "%x", &extra_delta_offset32);
            break;
        case 's':
            extra_delta_offset32 = 0x34;    /* SMI counter */
            break;
        case 'C':
            sscanf(optarg, "%x", &extra_delta_offset64);
            break;
        case 'm':
            sscanf(optarg, "%x", &extra_msr_offset32);
            break;
        case 'M':
            sscanf(optarg, "%x", &extra_msr_offset64);
            break;
        default:
            usage();
        }
    }
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    cmdline(argc, argv);

    if (verbose > 1)
        fprintf(stderr, "turbostat v2.1 October 6, 2012"
            " - Len Brown <[email protected]>\n");

    turbostat_init();

    /*
     * if any params left, it must be a command to fork
     */
    if (argc - optind)
        return fork_it(argv + optind);
    else
        turbostat_loop();

    return 0;
}