orindxpath.c

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/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * orindxpath.c
 *    Routines to find index paths that match a set of OR clauses
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2013, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *    src/backend/optimizer/path/orindxpath.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

#include "postgres.h"

#include "optimizer/cost.h"
#include "optimizer/paths.h"
#include "optimizer/restrictinfo.h"


/*----------
 * create_or_index_quals
 *    Examine join OR-of-AND quals to see if any useful restriction OR
 *    clauses can be extracted.  If so, add them to the query.
 *
 * Although a join clause must reference other relations overall,
 * an OR of ANDs clause might contain sub-clauses that reference just this
 * relation and can be used to build a restriction clause.
 * For example consider
 *      WHERE ((a.x = 42 AND b.y = 43) OR (a.x = 44 AND b.z = 45));
 * We can transform this into
 *      WHERE ((a.x = 42 AND b.y = 43) OR (a.x = 44 AND b.z = 45))
 *          AND (a.x = 42 OR a.x = 44)
 *          AND (b.y = 43 OR b.z = 45);
 * which opens the potential to build OR indexscans on a and b.  In essence
 * this is a partial transformation to CNF (AND of ORs format).  It is not
 * complete, however, because we do not unravel the original OR --- doing so
 * would usually bloat the qualification expression to little gain.
 *
 * The added quals are partially redundant with the original OR, and therefore
 * will cause the size of the joinrel to be underestimated when it is finally
 * formed.  (This would be true of a full transformation to CNF as well; the
 * fault is not really in the transformation, but in clauselist_selectivity's
 * inability to recognize redundant conditions.)  To minimize the collateral
 * damage, we want to minimize the number of quals added.  Therefore we do
 * not add every possible extracted restriction condition to the query.
 * Instead, we search for the single restriction condition that generates
 * the most useful (cheapest) OR indexscan, and add only that condition.
 * This is a pretty ad-hoc heuristic, but quite useful.
 *
 * We can then compensate for the redundancy of the added qual by poking
 * the recorded selectivity of the original OR clause, thereby ensuring
 * the added qual doesn't change the estimated size of the joinrel when
 * it is finally formed.  This is a MAJOR HACK: it depends on the fact
 * that clause selectivities are cached and on the fact that the same
 * RestrictInfo node will appear in every joininfo list that might be used
 * when the joinrel is formed.  And it probably isn't right in cases where
 * the size estimation is nonlinear (i.e., outer and IN joins).  But it
 * beats not doing anything.
 *
 * NOTE: one might think this messiness could be worked around by generating
 * the indexscan path with a small path->rows value, and not touching the
 * rel's baserestrictinfo or rel->rows.  However, that does not work.
 * The optimizer's fundamental design assumes that every general-purpose
 * Path for a given relation generates the same number of rows.  Without
 * this assumption we'd not be able to optimize solely on the cost of Paths,
 * but would have to take number of output rows into account as well.
 * (The parameterized-paths stuff almost fixes this, but not quite...)
 *
 * 'rel' is the relation entry for which quals are to be created
 *
 * If successful, adds qual(s) to rel->baserestrictinfo and returns TRUE.
 * If no quals available, returns FALSE and doesn't change rel.
 *
 * Note: check_partial_indexes() must have been run previously.
 *----------
 */
bool
create_or_index_quals(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel)
{
    BitmapOrPath *bestpath = NULL;
    RestrictInfo *bestrinfo = NULL;
    List       *newrinfos;
    RestrictInfo *or_rinfo;
    Selectivity or_selec,
                orig_selec;
    ListCell   *i;

    /* Skip the whole mess if no indexes */
    if (rel->indexlist == NIL)
        return false;

    /*
     * Find potentially interesting OR joinclauses.  We can use any joinclause
     * that is considered safe to move to this rel by the parameterized-path
     * machinery, even though what we are going to do with it is not exactly a
     * parameterized path.
     */
    foreach(i, rel->joininfo)
    {
        RestrictInfo *rinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(i);

        if (restriction_is_or_clause(rinfo) &&
            join_clause_is_movable_to(rinfo, rel->relid))
        {
            /*
             * Use the generate_bitmap_or_paths() machinery to estimate the
             * value of each OR clause.  We can use regular restriction
             * clauses along with the OR clause contents to generate
             * indexquals.  We pass restriction_only = true so that any
             * sub-clauses that are actually joins will be ignored.
             */
            List       *orpaths;
            ListCell   *k;

            orpaths = generate_bitmap_or_paths(root, rel,
                                               list_make1(rinfo),
                                               rel->baserestrictinfo,
                                               true);

            /* Locate the cheapest OR path */
            foreach(k, orpaths)
            {
                BitmapOrPath *path = (BitmapOrPath *) lfirst(k);

                Assert(IsA(path, BitmapOrPath));
                if (bestpath == NULL ||
                    path->path.total_cost < bestpath->path.total_cost)
                {
                    bestpath = path;
                    bestrinfo = rinfo;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /* Fail if no suitable clauses found */
    if (bestpath == NULL)
        return false;

    /*
     * Convert the path's indexclauses structure to a RestrictInfo tree. We
     * include any partial-index predicates so as to get a reasonable
     * representation of what the path is actually scanning.
     */
    newrinfos = make_restrictinfo_from_bitmapqual((Path *) bestpath,
                                                  true, true);

    /* It's possible we get back something other than a single OR clause */
    if (list_length(newrinfos) != 1)
        return false;
    or_rinfo = (RestrictInfo *) linitial(newrinfos);
    Assert(IsA(or_rinfo, RestrictInfo));
    if (!restriction_is_or_clause(or_rinfo))
        return false;

    /*
     * OK, add it to the rel's restriction list.
     */
    rel->baserestrictinfo = list_concat(rel->baserestrictinfo, newrinfos);

    /*
     * Adjust the original OR clause's cached selectivity to compensate for
     * the selectivity of the added (but redundant) lower-level qual. This
     * should result in the join rel getting approximately the same rows
     * estimate as it would have gotten without all these shenanigans. (XXX
     * major hack alert ... this depends on the assumption that the
     * selectivity will stay cached ...)
     */
    or_selec = clause_selectivity(root, (Node *) or_rinfo,
                                  0, JOIN_INNER, NULL);
    if (or_selec > 0 && or_selec < 1)
    {
        orig_selec = clause_selectivity(root, (Node *) bestrinfo,
                                        0, JOIN_INNER, NULL);
        bestrinfo->norm_selec = orig_selec / or_selec;
        /* clamp result to sane range */
        if (bestrinfo->norm_selec > 1)
            bestrinfo->norm_selec = 1;
        /* It isn't an outer join clause, so no need to adjust outer_selec */
    }

    /* Tell caller to recompute partial index status and rowcount estimate */
    return true;
}