Having created a servant class such as the rudimentary NodeI class in
Section 8.4.2, you can instantiate the class to create a concrete servant that can receive invocations from a client. However, merely instantiating a servant class is insufficient to incarnate an object. Specifically, to provide an implementation of an Ice object, you must follow the following steps:
NodePtr servant = new NodeI("Fred");
This code creates a new NodeI instance on the heap and assigns its address to a smart pointer of type
NodePtr (see also
page 238). This works because
NodeI is derived from
Node, so a smart pointer of type
NodePtr can also look after an instance of type
NodeI. However, if we want to invoke a member function of the derived
NodeI class at this point, we have a problem: we cannot access member functions of the derived
NodeI class through a
NodePtr smart pointer, only member functions of
Node base class. (The C++ type rules prevent us from accessing a member of a derived class through a pointer to a base class.) To get around this, we can modify the code as follows:
typedef IceUtil::Handle<NodeI> NodeIPtr;
NodeIPtr servant = new NodeI("Fred");
This code makes use of the smart pointer template we presented in Section 6.14.6 by defining
NodeIPtr as a smart pointer to
NodeI instances. Whether you use a smart pointer of type
NodePtr or
NodeIPtr depends solely on whether you want to invoke a member function of the
NodeI derived class; if you only want to invoke member functions that are defined in the
Node skeleton base class, it is sufficient to use a
NodePtr and you need not define the
NodeIPtr type.
Whether you use NodePtr or
NodeIPtr, the advantages of using a smart pointer class should be obvious from the discussion in
Section 6.14.6: they make it impossible to accidentally leak memory.
Each Ice object requires an identity. That identity must be unique for all servants using the same object adapter.
1 An Ice object identity is a structure with the following Slice definition:
module Ice {
struct Identity {
string name;
string category;
};
// ...
};
The full identity of an object is the combination of both the name and
category fields of the
Identity structure. For now, we will leave the
category field as the empty string and simply use the
name field. (See
Section 32.7 for a discussion of the
category field.)
Ice::Identity id;
id.name = "Fred"; // Not unique, but good enough for now
Merely creating a servant instance does nothing: the Ice run time becomes aware of the existence of a servant only once you explicitly tell the object adapter about the servant. To activate a servant, you invoke the
add operation on the object adapter. Assuming that we have access to the object adapter in the
_adapter variable, we can write:
Note the two arguments to add: the smart pointer to the servant and the object identity. Calling
add on the object adapter adds the servant pointer and the servant’s identity to the adapter’s servant map and links the proxy for an Ice object to the correct servant instance in the server’s memory as follows:
Assuming that the object adapter is in the active state (see Section 32.4.5), client requests are dispatched to the servant as soon as you call
add.
Putting the preceding points together, we can write a simple function that instantiates and activates one of our
NodeI servants. For this example, we use a simple helper function called
activateServant that creates and activates a servant with a given identity:
void
activateServant(const string& name)
{
NodePtr servant = new NodeI(name); // Refcount == 1
Ice::Identity id;
id.name = name;
_adapter‑>add(servant, id); // Refcount == 2
} // Refcount == 1
Note that we create the servant on the heap and that, once activateServant returns, we lose the last remaining handle to the servant (because the
servant variable goes out of scope). The question is, what happens to the heap-allocated servant instance? The answer lies in the smart pointer semantics:
•
Calling add passes the
servant smart pointer to the object adapter which keeps a copy of the handle internally. This increments the reference count of the servant to 2.
•
When activateServant returns, the destructor of the
servant variable decrements the reference count of the servant to 1.
The net effect is that the servant is retained on the heap with a reference count of 1 for as long as the servant is in the servant map of its object adapter. (If we deactivate the servant, that is, remove it from the servant map, the reference count drops to zero and the memory occupied by the servant is reclaimed; we discuss these life cycle issues in
Chapter 34.)
The Ice object model assumes that object identities are globally unique. One way of ensuring that uniqueness is to use UUIDs (Universally Unique Identifiers)
[14] as identities. The
IceUtil namespace contains a helper function to create such identities:
#include <IceUtil/UUID.h>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int
main()
{
cout << IceUtil::generateUUID() << endl;
}
When executed, this program prints a unique string such as 5029a22c‑e333‑4f87‑86b1‑cd5e0fcce509. Each call to
generateUUID creates a string that differs from all previous ones.
2 You can use a UUID such as this to create object identities. For convenience, the object adapter has an operation
addWithUUID that generates a UUID and adds a servant to the servant map in a single step. Using this operation, we can rewrite the code on
page 297 like this:
void
activateServant(const string& name)
{
NodePtr servant = new NodeI(name);
_adapter‑>addWithUUID(servant);
}
Once we have activated a servant for an Ice object, the server can process incoming client requests for that object. However, clients can only access the object once they hold a proxy for the object. If a client knows the server’s address details and the object identity, it can create a proxy from a string, as we saw in our first example in
Chapter 3. However, creation of proxies by the client in this manner is usually only done to allow the client access to initial objects for bootstrapping. Once the client has an initial proxy, it typically obtains further proxies by invoking operations.
The object adapter contains all the details that make up the information in a proxy: the addressing and protocol information, and the object identity. The Ice run time offers a number of ways to create proxies. Once created, you can pass a proxy to the client as the return value or as an out-parameter of an operation invocation.
The add and
addWithUUID servant activation operations on the object adapter return a proxy for the corresponding Ice object. This means we can write:
typedef IceUtil::Handle<NodeI> NodeIPtr;
NodeIPtr servant = new NodeI(name);
NodePrx proxy = NodePrx::uncheckedCast(
_adapter‑>addWithUUID(servant));
// Pass proxy to client...
Here, addWithUUID both activates the servant and returns a proxy for the Ice object incarnated by that servant in a single step.
Note that we need to use an uncheckedCast here because
addWithUUID returns a proxy of type
Ice::ObjectPrx.
module Ice {
local interface ObjectAdapter {
Object* createProxy(Identity id);
// ...
};
};
Note that createProxy creates a proxy for a given identity whether a servant is activated with that identity or not. In other words, proxies have a life cycle that is quite independent from the life cycle of servants:
Ice::Identity id;
id.name = IceUtil::generateUUID();
ObjectPrx o = _adapter‑>createProxy(id);
This creates a proxy for an Ice object with the identity returned by generateUUID. Obviously, no servant yet exists for that object so, if we return the proxy to a client and the client invokes an operation on the proxy, the client will receive an
ObjectNotExistException. (We examine these life cycle issues in more detail in
Chapter 34.)
