Table of Contents

1 Introduction

• 
  1.1 Scope, Purpose, and History
  • 
    1.1.1 Scope and Purpose
    1.1.2 History

  
  1.2 Organization of the Document
  1.3 Referenced Publications
  1.4 Definitions

  • 
    1.4.1 Notational Conventions
    1.4.2 Error Terminology
    1.4.3 Sections Not Formally Part Of This Standard
    1.4.4 Interpreting Dictionary Entries

  
  1.5 Conformance

  • 
    1.5.1 Conforming Implementations
    1.5.2 Conforming Programs

  
  1.6 Language Extensions
  1.7 Language Subsets
  1.8 Deprecated Language Features

  • 
    1.8.1 Deprecated Functions
    1.8.2 Deprecated Argument Conventions
    1.8.3 Deprecated Variables
    1.8.4 Deprecated Reader Syntax

  
  1.9 Symbols in the COMMON-LISP Package

• 
  2 Syntax
  • 
    2.1 Character Syntax
    • 
      2.1.1 Readtables
      2.1.2 Variables that affect the Lisp Reader
      2.1.3 Standard Characters
      2.1.4 Character Syntax Types

    
    2.2 Reader Algorithm
    2.3 Interpretation of Tokens

    • 
      2.3.1 Numbers as Tokens
      2.3.2 Constructing Numbers from Tokens
      2.3.3 The Consing Dot
      2.3.4 Symbols as Tokens
      2.3.5 Valid Patterns for Tokens
      2.3.6 Package System Consistency Rules

    
    2.4 Standard Macro Characters

    • 
      2.4.1 Left-Parenthesis
      2.4.2 Right-Parenthesis
      2.4.3 Single-Quote
      2.4.4 Semicolon
      2.4.5 Double-Quote
      2.4.6 Backquote
      2.4.7 Comma
      2.4.8 Sharpsign
      2.4.9 Re-Reading Abbreviated Expressions

  
  3 Evaluation and Compilation

  • 
    3.1 Evaluation
    • 
      3.1.1 Introduction to Environments
      3.1.2 The Evaluation Model
      3.1.3 Lambda Expressions
      3.1.4 Closures and Lexical Binding
      3.1.5 Shadowing
      3.1.6 Extent
      3.1.7 Return Values

    
    3.2 Compilation

    • 
      3.2.1 Compiler Terminology
      3.2.2 Compilation Semantics
      3.2.3 File Compilation
      3.2.4 Literal Objects in Compiled Files
      3.2.5 Exceptional Situations in the Compiler

    
    3.3 Declarations

    • 
      3.3.1 Minimal Declaration Processing Requirements
      3.3.2 Declaration Specifiers
      3.3.3 Declaration Identifiers
      3.3.4 Declaration Scope

    
    3.4 Lambda Lists

    • 
      3.4.1 Ordinary Lambda Lists
      3.4.2 Generic Function Lambda Lists
      3.4.3 Specialized Lambda Lists
      3.4.4 Macro Lambda Lists
      3.4.5 Destructuring Lambda Lists
      3.4.6 Boa Lambda Lists
      3.4.7 Defsetf Lambda Lists
      3.4.8 Deftype Lambda Lists
      3.4.9 Define-modify-macro Lambda Lists
      3.4.10 Define-method-combination Arguments Lambda Lists
      3.4.11 Syntactic Interaction of Documentation Strings and Declarations

    
    3.5 Error Checking in Function Calls

    • 
      3.5.1 Argument Mismatch Detection

    
    3.6 Traversal Rules and Side Effects
    3.7 Destructive Operations

    • 
      3.7.1 Modification of Literal Objects
      3.7.2 Transfer of Control during a Destructive Operation

    
    3.8 Dictionary Evaluation and Compilation

  
  4 Types and Classes

  • 
    4.1 Introduction
    4.2 Types
    • 
      4.2.1 Data Type Definition
      4.2.2 Type Relationships
      4.2.3 Type Specifiers

    
    4.3 Classes

    • 
      4.3.1 Introduction to Classes
      4.3.2 Defining Classes
      4.3.3 Creating Instances of Classes
      4.3.4 Inheritance
      4.3.5 Determining the Class Precedence List
      4.3.6 Redefining Classes
      4.3.7 Integrating Types and Classes

    
    4.4 Dictionary of Types and Classes

  
  5 Data and Control Flow

  • 
    5.1 Generalized Reference
    • 
      5.1.1 Overview of Places and Generalized Reference
      5.1.2 Kinds of Places
      5.1.3 Treatment of Other Macros Based on SETF

    
    5.2 Transfer of Control to an Exit Point
    5.3 Dictionary of Data and Control Flow

  
  6 Iteration

  • 
    6.1 The LOOP Facility
    • 
      6.1.1 Overview of the Loop Facility
      6.1.2 Variable Initialization and Stepping Clauses
      6.1.3 Value Accumulation Clauses
      6.1.4 Termination Test Clauses
      6.1.5 Unconditional Execution Clauses
      6.1.6 Conditional Execution Clauses
      6.1.7 Miscellaneous Clauses
      6.1.8 Examples of Miscellaneous Loop Features
      6.1.9 Notes about Loop

    
    6.2 Dictionary of Iteration

  
  7 Objects

  • 
    7.1 Object Creation and Initialization
    • 
      7.1.1 Initialization Arguments
      7.1.2 Declaring the Validity of Initialization Arguments
      7.1.3 Defaulting of Initialization Arguments
      7.1.4 Rules for Initialization Arguments
      7.1.5 Shared-Initialize
      7.1.6 Initialize-Instance
      7.1.7 Definitions of Make-Instance and Initialize-Instance

    
    7.2 Changing the Class of an Instance

    • 
      7.2.1 Modifying the Structure of the Instance
      7.2.2 Initializing Newly Added Local Slots
      7.2.3 Customizing the Change of Class of an Instance

    
    7.3 Reinitializing an Instance

    • 
      7.3.1 Customizing Reinitialization

    
    7.4 Meta-Objects

    • 
      7.4.1 Standard Meta-objects

    
    7.5 Slots

    • 
      7.5.1 Introduction to Slots
      7.5.2 Accessing Slots
      7.5.3 Inheritance of Slots and Slot Options

    
    7.6 Generic Functions and Methods

    • 
      7.6.1 Introduction to Generic Functions
      7.6.2 Introduction to Methods
      7.6.3 Agreement on Parameter Specializers and Qualifiers
      7.6.4 Congruent Lambda-lists for all Methods of a Generic Function
      7.6.5 Keyword Arguments in Generic Functions and Methods
      7.6.6 Method Selection and Combination
      7.6.7 Inheritance of Methods

    
    7.7 Dictionary of Objects

  
  8 Structures

  • 
    8.1 Dictionary of Structures

  
  9 Conditions

  • 
    9.1 Condition System Concepts
    • 
      9.1.1 Condition Types
      9.1.2 Creating Conditions
      9.1.3 Printing Conditions
      9.1.4 Signaling and Handling Conditions
      9.1.5 Assertions
      9.1.6 Notes about the Condition System's Background

    
    9.2 Dictionary of Conditions

  
  10 Symbols

  • 
    10.1 Symbol Concepts
    10.2 Dictionary of Symbols

  
  11 Packages

  • 
    11.1 Package Concepts
    • 
      11.1.1 Introduction to Packages
      11.1.2 Standardized Packages

    
    11.2 Dictionary of Packages

  
  12 Numbers

  • 
    12.1 Number Concepts
    • 
      12.1.1 Numeric Operations
      12.1.2 Implementation-Dependent Numeric Constants
      12.1.3 Rational Computations
      12.1.4 Floating-point Computations
      12.1.5 Complex Computations
      12.1.6 Interval Designators
      12.1.7 Random-State Operations

    
    12.2 Dictionary of Numbers

  
  13 Characters

  • 
    13.1 Character Concepts
    • 
      13.1.1 Introduction to Characters
      13.1.2 Introduction to Scripts and Repertoires
      13.1.3 Character Attributes
      13.1.4 Character Categories
      13.1.5 Identity of Characters
      13.1.6 Ordering of Characters
      13.1.7 Character Names
      13.1.8 Treatment of Newline during Input and Output
      13.1.9 Character Encodings
      13.1.10 Documentation of Implementation-Defined Scripts

    
    13.2 Dictionary of Characters

  
  14 Conses

  • 
    14.1 Cons Concepts
    • 
      14.1.1 Conses as Trees
      14.1.2 Conses as Lists

    
    14.2 Dictionary of Conses

  
  15 Arrays

  • 
    15.1 Array Concepts
    • 
      15.1.1 Array Elements
      15.1.2 Specialized Arrays

    
    15.2 Dictionary of Arrays

  
  16 Strings

  • 
    16.1 String Concepts
    • 
      16.1.1 Implications of Strings Being Arrays
      16.1.2 Subtypes of STRING

    
    16.2 Dictionary of Strings

  
  17 Sequences

  • 
    17.1 Sequence Concepts
    • 
      17.1.1 General Restrictions on Parameters that must be Sequences

    
    17.2 Rules about Test Functions

    • 
      17.2.1 Satisfying a Two-Argument Test
      17.2.2 Satisfying a One-Argument Test

    
    17.3 Dictionary of Sequences

  
  18 Hash Tables

  • 
    18.1 Hash Table Concepts
    • 
      18.1.1 Hash-Table Operations
      18.1.2 Modifying Hash Table Keys

    
    18.2 Dictionary of Hash Tables

  
  19 Filenames

  • 
    19.1 Overview of Filenames
    • 
      19.1.1 Namestrings as Filenames
      19.1.2 Pathnames as Filenames
      19.1.3 Parsing Namestrings Into Pathnames

    
    19.2 Pathnames

    • 
      19.2.1 Pathname Components
      19.2.2 Interpreting Pathname Component Values
      19.2.3 Merging Pathnames

    
    19.3 Logical Pathnames

    • 
      19.3.1 Syntax of Logical Pathname Namestrings
      19.3.2 Logical Pathname Components

    
    19.4 Dictionary of Filenames

  
  20 Files

  • 
    20.1 File System Concepts
    • 
      20.1.1 Coercion of Streams to Pathnames
      20.1.2 File Operations on Open and Closed Streams
      20.1.3 Truenames

    
    20.2 Dictionary of Files

  
  21 Streams

  • 
    21.1 Stream Concepts
    • 
      21.1.1 Introduction to Streams
      21.1.2 Stream Variables
      21.1.3 Stream Arguments to Standardized Functions
      21.1.4 Restrictions on Composite Streams

    
    21.2 Dictionary of Streams

  
  22 Printer

  • 
    22.1 The Lisp Printer
    • 
      22.1.1 Overview of The Lisp Printer
      22.1.2 Printer Dispatching
      22.1.3 Default Print-Object Methods
      22.1.4 Examples of Printer Behavior

    
    22.2 The Lisp Pretty Printer

    • 
      22.2.1 Pretty Printer Concepts
      22.2.2 Examples of using the Pretty Printer
      22.2.3 Notes about the Pretty Printer's Background

    
    22.3 Formatted Output

    • 
      22.3.1 FORMAT Basic Output
      22.3.2 FORMAT Radix Control
      22.3.3 FORMAT Floating-Point Printers
      22.3.4 FORMAT Printer Operations
      22.3.5 FORMAT Pretty Printer Operations
      22.3.6 FORMAT Layout Control
      22.3.7 FORMAT Control-Flow Operations
      22.3.8 FORMAT Miscellaneous Operations
      22.3.9 FORMAT Miscellaneous Pseudo-Operations
      22.3.10 Additional Information about FORMAT Operations
      22.3.11 Examples of FORMAT
      22.3.12 Notes about FORMAT

    
    22.4 Dictionary of Printer

  
  23 Reader

  • 
    23.1 Reader Concepts
    • 
      23.1.1 Dynamic Control of the Lisp Reader
      23.1.2 Effect of Readtable Case on the Lisp Reader
      23.1.3 Argument Conventions of Some Reader Functions

    
    23.2 Dictionary of Reader

  
  24 System Construction

  • 
    24.1 System Construction Concepts
    • 
      24.1.1 Loading
      24.1.2 Features

    
    24.2 Dictionary of System Construction

  
  25 Environment

  • 
    25.1 The External Environment
    • 
      25.1.1 Top level loop
      25.1.2 Debugging Utilities
      25.1.3 Environment Inquiry
      25.1.4 Time

    
    25.2 Dictionary of Environment

  
  26 Glossary

  • 
    26.1 Glossary

  
  27 Appendix

  • 
    27.1 Removed Language Features
    • 
      27.1.1 Requirements for removed and deprecated features
      27.1.2 Removed Types
      27.1.3 Removed Operators
      27.1.4 Removed Argument Conventions
      27.1.5 Removed Variables
      27.1.6 Removed Reader Syntax
      27.1.7 Packages No Longer Required