Class Tree

Returns: a new object with type S, a subtype of T

Overrides: list.__new__

(inherited documentation)

Construct a new tree. This constructor can be called in one of two ways:

• Tree(node, children) constructs a new tree with the specified node value and list of children.
• Tree(s) constructs a new tree by parsing the string s. It is equivalent to calling the class method Tree.parse(s).

Returns: new list

Overrides: list.__init__

x==y

Overrides: list.__eq__

(inherited documentation)

x!=y

Overrides: list.__ne__

(inherited documentation)

x<y

Overrides: list.__lt__

(inherited documentation)

x<=y

Overrides: list.__le__

(inherited documentation)

x>y

Overrides: list.__gt__

(inherited documentation)

x>=y

Overrides: list.__ge__

(inherited documentation)

x*n

Overrides: list.__mul__

(inherited documentation)

n*x

Overrides: list.__rmul__

(inherited documentation)

x+y

Overrides: list.__add__

(inherited documentation)

x[y]

Overrides: list.__getitem__

(inherited documentation)

x[i]=y

Overrides: list.__setitem__

(inherited documentation)

del x[y]

Overrides: list.__delitem__

(inherited documentation)

Returns: list

a list containing this tree's leaves. The order reflects the order of the leaves in the tree's hierarchical structure.

Returns: Tree

a tree consisting of this tree's root connected directly to its leaves, omitting all intervening non-terminal nodes.

Returns: int

The height of this tree. The height of a tree containing no children is 1; the height of a tree containing only leaves is 2; and the height of any other tree is one plus the maximum of its children's heights.

Parameters:

• order - One of: preorder, postorder, bothorder, leaves.

Generate all the subtrees of this tree, optionally restricted to trees matching the filter function.

Parameters:

• filter (function) - the function to filter all local trees

Generate the productions that correspond to the non-terminal nodes of the tree. For each subtree of the form (P: C1 C2 ... Cn) this produces a production of the form P -> C1 C2 ... Cn.

Returns: list of Productions

Returns: list of tuples

a list of tuples containing leaves and pre-terminals (part-of-speech tags). The order reflects the order of the leaves in the tree's hierarchical structure.

Returns:

The tree position of the index-th leaf in this tree. I.e., if tp=self.leaf_treeposition(i), then self[tp]==self.leaves()[i].

Raises:

• IndexError - If this tree contains fewer than index+1 leaves, or if index<0.

Returns:

The tree position of the lowest descendant of this tree that dominates self.leaves()[start:end].

Raises:

• ValueError - if end <= start

This method can modify a tree in three ways:

1. Convert a tree into its Chomsky Normal Form (CNF) equivalent -- Every subtree has either two non-terminals or one terminal as its children. This process requires the creation of more"artificial" non-terminal nodes.
2. Markov (vertical) smoothing of children in new artificial nodes
3. Horizontal (parent) annotation of nodes

Parameters:

• factor (string = [left|right]) - Right or left factoring method (default = "right")
• horzMarkov (int | None) - Markov order for sibling smoothing in artificial nodes (None (default) = include all siblings)
• vertMarkov (int | None) - Markov order for parent smoothing (0 (default) = no vertical annotation)
• childChar (string) - A string used in construction of the artificial nodes, separating the head of the original subtree from the child nodes that have yet to be expanded (default = "|")
• parentChar (string) - A string used to separate the node representation from its vertical annotation

This method modifies the tree in three ways:

1. Transforms a tree in Chomsky Normal Form back to its original structure (branching greater than two)
2. Removes any parent annotation (if it exists)
3. (optional) expands unary subtrees (if previously collapsed with collapseUnary(...) )

Parameters:

• expandUnary (boolean) - Flag to expand unary or not (default = True)
• childChar (string) - A string separating the head node from its children in an artificial node (default = "|")
• parentChar (string) - A sting separating the node label from its parent annotation (default = "^")
• unaryChar (string) - A string joining two non-terminals in a unary production (default = "+")

Collapse subtrees with a single child (ie. unary productions) into a new non-terminal (Tree node) joined by 'joinChar'. This is useful when working with algorithms that do not allow unary productions, and completely removing the unary productions would require loss of useful information. The Tree is modified directly (since it is passed by reference) and no value is returned.

Parameters:

• collapsePOS (boolean) - 'False' (default) will not collapse the parent of leaf nodes (ie. Part-of-Speech tags) since they are always unary productions
• collapseRoot (boolean) - 'False' (default) will not modify the root production if it is unary. For the Penn WSJ treebank corpus, this corresponds to the TOP -> productions.
• joinChar (string) - A string used to connect collapsed node values (default = "+")

Convert a tree between different subtypes of Tree. cls determines which class will be used to encode the new tree.

Parameters:

• val (Tree) - The tree that should be converted.

Returns:

The new Tree.

Parse a bracketed tree string and return the resulting tree. Trees are represented as nested brackettings, such as:

 (S (NP (NNP John)) (VP (V runs)))

Parameters:

• s (str) - The string to parse
• brackets (length-2 str) - The bracket characters used to mark the beginning and end of trees and subtrees.
• parse_node (function), parse_leaf (function) - If specified, these functions are applied to the substrings of s corresponding to nodes and leaves (respectively) to obtain the values for those nodes and leaves. They should have the following signature:

  >>> parse_node(str) -> value

  For example, these functions could be used to parse nodes and leaves whose values should be some type other than string (such as FeatStruct). Note that by default, node strings and leaf strings are delimited by whitespace and brackets; to override this default, use the node_pattern and leaf_pattern arguments.

• node_pattern (str), leaf_pattern (str) - Regular expression patterns used to find node and leaf substrings in s. By default, both nodes patterns are defined to match any sequence of non-whitespace non-bracket characters.
• remove_empty_top_bracketing (bool) - If the resulting tree has an empty node label, and is length one, then return its single child instead. This is useful for treebank trees, which sometimes contain an extra level of bracketing.

Returns: Tree

A tree corresponding to the string representation s. If this class method is called using a subclass of Tree, then it will return a tree of that type.

repr(x)

Overrides: list.__repr__

(inherited documentation)

str(x)

Overrides: object.__str__

(inherited documentation)

Parameters:

• margin (int) - The right margin at which to do line-wrapping.
• indent (int) - The indentation level at which printing begins. This number is used to decide how far to indent subsequent lines.
• nodesep - A string that is used to separate the node from the children. E.g., the default value ':' gives trees like (S: (NP: I) (VP: (V: saw) (NP: it))).

Returns: string

A pretty-printed string representation of this tree.

Returns a representation of the tree compatible with the LaTeX qtree package. This consists of the string \Tree followed by the parse tree represented in bracketed notation.

For example, the following result was generated from a parse tree of the sentence The announcement astounded us:

 \Tree [.I'' [.N'' [.D The ] [.N' [.N announcement ] ] ]
     [.I' [.V'' [.V' [.V astounded ] [.N'' [.N' [.N us ] ] ] ] ] ] ]

See http://www.ling.upenn.edu/advice/latex.html for the LaTeX style file for the qtree package.

Returns: string

A latex qtree representation of this tree.