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The QNetworkAccessManager class allows the application to send network requests and receive replies More...
Inherits QObject.
The QNetworkAccessManager class allows the application to send network requests and receive replies
The Network Access API is constructed around one QNetworkAccessManager object, which holds the common configuration and settings for the requests it sends. It contains the proxy and cache configuration, as well as the signals related to such issues, and reply signals that can be used to monitor the progress of a network operation. One QNetworkAccessManager should be enough for the whole Qt application.
Once a QNetworkAccessManager object has been created, the application can use it to send requests over the network. A group of standard functions are supplied that take a request and optional data, and each return a QNetworkReply object. The returned object is used to obtain any data returned in response to the corresponding request.
A simple download off the network could be accomplished with:
QNetworkAccessManager *manager = new QNetworkAccessManager(this); connect(manager, SIGNAL(finished(QNetworkReply*)), this, SLOT(replyFinished(QNetworkReply*))); manager->get(QNetworkRequest(QUrl("http://qt.nokia.com")));
QNetworkAccessManager has an asynchronous API. When the replyFinished slot above is called, the parameter it takes is the QNetworkReply object containing the downloaded data as well as meta-data (headers, etc.).
Note: After the request has finished, it is the responsibility of the user to delete the QNetworkReply object at an appropriate time. Do not directly delete it inside the slot connected to finished(). You can use the deleteLater() function.
Note: QNetworkAccessManager queues the requests it receives. The number of requests executed in parallel is dependent on the protocol. Currently, for the HTTP protocol on desktop platforms, 6 requests are executed in parallel for one host/port combination.
A more involved example, assuming the manager is already existent, can be:
QNetworkRequest request; request.setUrl(QUrl("http://qt.nokia.com")); request.setRawHeader("User-Agent", "MyOwnBrowser 1.0"); QNetworkReply *reply = manager->get(request); connect(reply, SIGNAL(readyRead()), this, SLOT(slotReadyRead())); connect(reply, SIGNAL(error(QNetworkReply.NetworkError)), this, SLOT(slotError(QNetworkReply.NetworkError))); connect(reply, SIGNAL(sslErrors(QList<QSslError>)), this, SLOT(slotSslErrors(QList<QSslError>)));
With the addition of the Bearer Management API to Qt 4.7 QNetworkAccessManager gained the ability to manage network connections. QNetworkAccessManager can start the network interface if the device is offline and terminates the interface if the current process is the last one to use the uplink. Note that some platform utilize grace periods from when the last application stops using a uplink until the system actually terminates the connectivity link. Roaming is equally transparent. Any queued/pending network requests are automatically transferred to new access point.
Clients wanting to utilize this feature should not require any changes. In fact it is likely that existing platform specific connection code can simply be removed from the application.
Note: The network and roaming support in QNetworkAccessManager is conditional upon the platform supporting connection management. The QNetworkConfigurationManager.NetworkSessionRequired can be used to detect whether QNetworkAccessManager utilizes this feature. Currently only Meego/Harmattan and Symbian platforms provide connection management support.
Note: This feature cannot be used in combination with the Bearer Management API as provided by QtMobility. Applications have to migrate to the Qt version of Bearer Management.
On Symbian, processes which use this class must have the NetworkServices platform security capability. If the client process lacks this capability, operations will result in a panic.
Platform security capabilities are added via the TARGET.CAPABILITY qmake variable.
Indicates whether the network is accessible via this network access manager.
| Constant | Value | Description |
|---|---|---|
| QNetworkAccessManager.UnknownAccessibility | -1 | The network accessibility cannot be determined. |
| QNetworkAccessManager.NotAccessible | 0 | The network is not currently accessible, either because there is currently no network coverage or network access has been explicitly disabled by a call to setNetworkAccessible(). |
| QNetworkAccessManager.Accessible | 1 | The network is accessible. |
See also networkAccessible.
Indicates the operation this reply is processing.
| Constant | Value | Description |
|---|---|---|
| QNetworkAccessManager.HeadOperation | 1 | retrieve headers operation (created with head()) |
| QNetworkAccessManager.GetOperation | 2 | retrieve headers and download contents (created with get()) |
| QNetworkAccessManager.PutOperation | 3 | upload contents operation (created with put()) |
| QNetworkAccessManager.PostOperation | 4 | send the contents of an HTML form for processing via HTTP POST (created with post()) |
| QNetworkAccessManager.DeleteOperation | 5 | delete contents operation (created with deleteResource()) |
| QNetworkAccessManager.CustomOperation | 6 | custom operation (created with sendCustomRequest()) |
This enum was introduced or modified in Qt 4.7.
See also QNetworkReply.operation().
The parent argument, if not None, causes self to be owned by Qt instead of PyQt.
Constructs a QNetworkAccessManager object that is the center of the Network Access API and sets parent as the parent object.
Returns the current active network configuration.
If the network configuration returned by configuration() is of type QNetworkConfiguration.ServiceNetwork this function will return the current active child network configuration of that configuration. Otherwise returns the same network configuration as configuration().
Use this function to return the actual network configuration currently in use by the network session.
This function was introduced in Qt 4.7.
See also configuration().
Returns the cache that is used to store data obtained from the network.
This function was introduced in Qt 4.5.
See also setCache().
Returns the network configuration that will be used to create the network session which will be used when processing network requests.
This function was introduced in Qt 4.7.
See also setConfiguration() and activeConfiguration().
Returns the QNetworkCookieJar that is used to store cookies obtained from the network as well as cookies that are about to be sent.
See also setCookieJar().
Returns a new QNetworkReply object to handle the operation op and request req. The device outgoingData is always 0 for Get and Head requests, but is the value passed to post() and put() in those operations (the QByteArray variants will pass a QBuffer object).
The default implementation calls QNetworkCookieJar.cookiesForUrl() on the cookie jar set with setCookieJar() to obtain the cookies to be sent to the remote server.
The returned object must be in an open state.
Sends a request to delete the resource identified by the URL of request.
Note: This feature is currently available for HTTP only, performing an HTTP DELETE request.
This function was introduced in Qt 4.6.
See also get(), post(), put(), and sendCustomRequest().
Posts a request to obtain the contents of the target request and returns a new QNetworkReply object opened for reading which emits the readyRead() signal whenever new data arrives.
The contents as well as associated headers will be downloaded.
See also post(), put(), deleteResource(), and sendCustomRequest().
Posts a request to obtain the network headers for request and returns a new QNetworkReply object which will contain such headers.
The function is named after the HTTP request associated (HEAD).
Sends an HTTP POST request to the destination specified by request and returns a new QNetworkReply object opened for reading that will contain the reply sent by the server. The contents of the data device will be uploaded to the server.
data must be open for reading and must remain valid until the finished() signal is emitted for this reply.
Note: Sending a POST request on protocols other than HTTP and HTTPS is undefined and will probably fail.
See also get(), put(), deleteResource(), and sendCustomRequest().
This is an overloaded function.
Sends the contents of the data byte array to the destination specified by request.
This is an overloaded function.
Sends the contents of the multiPart message to the destination specified by request.
This can be used for sending MIME multipart messages over HTTP.
This function was introduced in Qt 4.8.
See also QHttpMultiPart, QHttpPart, and put().
Returns the QNetworkProxy that the requests sent using this QNetworkAccessManager object will use. The default value for the proxy is QNetworkProxy.DefaultProxy.
See also setProxy(), setProxyFactory(), and proxyAuthenticationRequired().
Returns the proxy factory that this QNetworkAccessManager object is using to determine the proxies to be used for requests.
Note that the pointer returned by this function is managed by QNetworkAccessManager and could be deleted at any time.
This function was introduced in Qt 4.5.
See also setProxyFactory() and proxy().
Uploads the contents of data to the destination request and returnes a new QNetworkReply object that will be open for reply.
data must be opened for reading when this function is called and must remain valid until the finished() signal is emitted for this reply.
Whether anything will be available for reading from the returned object is protocol dependent. For HTTP, the server may send a small HTML page indicating the upload was successful (or not). Other protocols will probably have content in their replies.
Note: For HTTP, this request will send a PUT request, which most servers do not allow. Form upload mechanisms, including that of uploading files through HTML forms, use the POST mechanism.
See also get(), post(), deleteResource(), and sendCustomRequest().
This is an overloaded function.
Sends the contents of the multiPart message to the destination specified by request.
This can be used for sending MIME multipart messages over HTTP.
This function was introduced in Qt 4.8.
See also QHttpMultiPart, QHttpPart, and post().
This is an overloaded function.
Sends the contents of the data byte array to the destination specified by request.
Sends a custom request to the server identified by the URL of request.
It is the user's responsibility to send a verb to the server that is valid according to the HTTP specification.
This method provides means to send verbs other than the common ones provided via get() or post() etc., for instance sending an HTTP OPTIONS command.
If data is not empty, the contents of the data device will be uploaded to the server; in that case, data must be open for reading and must remain valid until the finished() signal is emitted for this reply.
Note: This feature is currently available for HTTP(S) only.
This function was introduced in Qt 4.7.
See also get(), post(), put(), and deleteResource().
The cache argument has it's ownership transferred to Qt.
Sets the manager's network cache to be the cache specified. The cache is used for all requests dispatched by the manager.
Use this function to set the network cache object to a class that implements additional features, like saving the cookies to permanent storage.
Note: QNetworkAccessManager takes ownership of the cache object.
QNetworkAccessManager by default does not have a set cache. Qt provides a simple disk cache, QNetworkDiskCache, which can be used.
This function was introduced in Qt 4.5.
See also cache() and QNetworkRequest.CacheLoadControl.
Sets the network configuration that will be used when creating the network session to config.
The network configuration is used to create and open a network session before any request that requires network access is process. If no network configuration is explicitly set via this function the network configuration returned by QNetworkConfigurationManager.defaultConfiguration() will be used.
To restore the default network configuration set the network configuration to the value returned from QNetworkConfigurationManager.defaultConfiguration().
QNetworkConfigurationManager manager; networkAccessManager->setConfiguration(manager.defaultConfiguration());
If an invalid network configuration is set, a network session will not be created. In this case network requests will be processed regardless, but may fail. For example:
networkAccessManager->setConfiguration(QNetworkConfiguration());
This function was introduced in Qt 4.7.
See also configuration() and QNetworkSession.
The cookieJar argument has it's ownership transferred to Qt.
Sets the manager's cookie jar to be the cookieJar specified. The cookie jar is used by all requests dispatched by the manager.
Use this function to set the cookie jar object to a class that implements additional features, like saving the cookies to permanent storage.
Note: QNetworkAccessManager takes ownership of the cookieJar object.
If cookieJar is in the same thread as this QNetworkAccessManager, it will set the parent of the cookieJar so that the cookie jar is deleted when this object is deleted as well. If you want to share cookie jars between different QNetworkAccessManager objects, you may want to set the cookie jar's parent to 0 after calling this function.
QNetworkAccessManager by default does not implement any cookie policy of its own: it accepts all cookies sent by the server, as long as they are well formed and meet the minimum security requirements (cookie domain matches the request's and cookie path matches the request's). In order to implement your own security policy, override the QNetworkCookieJar.cookiesForUrl() and QNetworkCookieJar.setCookiesFromUrl() virtual functions. Those functions are called by QNetworkAccessManager when it detects a new cookie.
See also cookieJar(), QNetworkCookieJar.cookiesForUrl(), and QNetworkCookieJar.setCookiesFromUrl().
Sets the proxy to be used in future requests to be proxy. This does not affect requests that have already been sent. The proxyAuthenticationRequired() signal will be emitted if the proxy requests authentication.
A proxy set with this function will be used for all requests issued by QNetworkAccessManager. In some cases, it might be necessary to select different proxies depending on the type of request being sent or the destination host. If that's the case, you should consider using setProxyFactory().
See also proxy() and proxyAuthenticationRequired().
The factory argument has it's ownership transferred to Qt.
Sets the proxy factory for this class to be factory. A proxy factory is used to determine a more specific list of proxies to be used for a given request, instead of trying to use the same proxy value for all requests.
All queries sent by QNetworkAccessManager will have type QNetworkProxyQuery.UrlRequest.
For example, a proxy factory could apply the following rules:
The lifetime of the object factory will be managed by QNetworkAccessManager. It will delete the object when necessary.
Note: If a specific proxy is set with setProxy(), the factory will not be used.
This function was introduced in Qt 4.5.
See also proxyFactory(), setProxy(), and QNetworkProxyQuery.
This is the default overload of this signal.
This signal is emitted whenever a final server requests authentication before it delivers the requested contents. The slot connected to this signal should fill the credentials for the contents (which can be determined by inspecting the reply object) in the authenticator object.
QNetworkAccessManager will cache the credentials internally and will send the same values if the server requires authentication again, without emitting the authenticationRequired() signal. If it rejects the credentials, this signal will be emitted again.
Note: It is not possible to use a QueuedConnection to connect to this signal, as the connection will fail if the authenticator has not been filled in with new information when the signal returns.
See also proxyAuthenticationRequired().
This is the default overload of this signal.
This signal is emitted whenever a pending network reply is finished. The reply parameter will contain a pointer to the reply that has just finished. This signal is emitted in tandem with the QNetworkReply.finished() signal.
See QNetworkReply.finished() for information on the status that the object will be in.
Note: Do not delete the reply object in the slot connected to this signal. Use deleteLater().
See also QNetworkReply.finished() and QNetworkReply.error().
This is the default overload of this signal.
This signal is emitted when the value of the networkAccessible property changes. accessible is the new network accessibility.
This is the default overload of this signal.
This signal is emitted whenever a proxy requests authentication and QNetworkAccessManager cannot find a valid, cached credential. The slot connected to this signal should fill in the credentials for the proxy proxy in the authenticator object.
QNetworkAccessManager will cache the credentials internally. The next time the proxy requests authentication, QNetworkAccessManager will automatically send the same credential without emitting the proxyAuthenticationRequired signal again.
If the proxy rejects the credentials, QNetworkAccessManager will emit the signal again.
See also proxy(), setProxy(), and authenticationRequired().
This is the default overload of this signal.
This signal is emitted if the SSL/TLS session encountered errors during the set up, including certificate verification errors. The errors parameter contains the list of errors and reply is the QNetworkReply that is encountering these errors.
To indicate that the errors are not fatal and that the connection should proceed, the QNetworkReply.ignoreSslErrors() function should be called from the slot connected to this signal. If it is not called, the SSL session will be torn down before any data is exchanged (including the URL).
This signal can be used to display an error message to the user indicating that security may be compromised and display the SSL settings (see sslConfiguration() to obtain it). If the user decides to proceed after analyzing the remote certificate, the slot should call ignoreSslErrors().
See also QSslSocket.sslErrors(), QNetworkReply.sslErrors(), QNetworkReply.sslConfiguration(), and QNetworkReply.ignoreSslErrors().
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