Many cross-platform projects can be handled by the qmake's basic configuration features. On some platforms, it is sometimes useful, or even necessary, to take advantage of platform-specific features. qmake knows about many of these features, and these can be accessed via specific variables that only have an effect on the platforms where they are relevant.
Features specific to this platform include support for creating universal binaries, frameworks and bundles.
The version of qmake supplied in source packages is configured slightly differently to that supplied in binary packages in that it uses a different feature specification. Where the source package typically uses the macx-g++ specification, the binary package is typically configured to use the macx-xcode specification.
Users of each package can override this configuration by invoking qmake with the -spec option (see Running qmake for more information). This makes it possible, for example, to use qmake from a binary package to create a Makefile in a project directory with the following command line invocation:
qmake -spec macx-g++
qmake is able to automatically generate build rules for linking against frameworks in the standard framework directory on Mac OS X, located at /Library/Frameworks/.
Directories other than the standard framework directory need to be specified to the build system, and this is achieved by appending linker options to the QMAKE_LFLAGS variable, as shown in the following example:
QMAKE_LFLAGS += -F/path/to/framework/directory/
The framework itself is linked in by appending the -framework options and the name of the framework to the LIBS variable:
LIBS += -framework TheFramework
Any given library project can be configured so that the resulting library file is placed in a framework, ready for deployment. To do this, set up the project to use the lib template and add the lib_bundle option to the CONFIG variable:
TEMPLATE = lib CONFIG += lib_bundle
The data associated with the library is specified using the QMAKE_BUNDLE_DATA variable. This holds items that will be installed with a library bundle, and is often used to specify a collection of header files, as in the following example:
FRAMEWORK_HEADERS.version = Versions FRAMEWORK_HEADERS.files = path/to/header_one.h path/to/header_two.h FRAMEWORK_HEADERS.path = Headers QMAKE_BUNDLE_DATA += FRAMEWORK_HEADERS
Here, the FRAMEWORK_HEADERS variable is a user-defined variable that is used to define the headers required to use a particular framework. Appending it to the QMAKE_BUNDLE_DATA variable ensures that the information about these headers are added to the collection of resources that will be installed with the library bundle. Also, the framework's name and version are specified by QMAKE_FRAMEWORK_BUNDLE_NAME and QMAKE_FRAMEWORK_VERSION variables. By default, the values used for these are obtained from the TARGET and VERSION variables.
See Deploying an Application on Mac OS X for more information about deploying applications and libraries.
To create a universal binary for your application, you need to be using a version of Qt that has been configured with the -universal option.
The architectures to be supported in the binary are specified with the CONFIG variable. For example, the following assignment causes qmake to generate build rules to create a universal binary for both PowerPC and x86 architectures:
CONFIG += x86 ppc
Additionally, developers using a PowerPC-based platform need to set the QMAKE_MAC_SDK variable. This process is discussed in more detail in the deployment guide for Mac OS X.
Developers on Mac OS X can take advantage of qmake's support for Xcode project files, as described in Qt is Mac OS X Native, by running qmake to generate an Xcode project from an existing qmake project files. For example:
qmake -spec macx-xcode project.pro
Note that, if a project is later moved on the disk, qmake must be run again to process the project file and create a new Xcode project file.
Implementing this is currently not feasible, because the XCode concept of Active Build Configurations is conceptually different from the qmake idea of build targets.
The XCode Active Build Configurations settings are for modifying xcode configurations, compiler flags and similar build options. Unlike Visual Studio, XCode does not allow for the selection of specific library files based on whether debug or release build configurations are selected. The qmake debug and release settings control which library files are linked to the executable.
It is currently not possible to set files in XCode configuration settings from the qmake generated xcode project file. The way the libraries are linked in the "Frameworks & Libraries" phase in the XCode build system.
Furthermore, the selected "Active Build Configuration" is stored in a .pbxuser file, which is generated by xcode on first load, not created by qmake.
Features specific to this platform include support for creating Visual Studio project files and handling manifest files when deploying Qt applications developed using Visual Studio 2005.
Developers using Visual Studio to write Qt applications can use the Visual Studio integration facilities provided with the Qt Commercial Edition and do not need to worry about how project dependencies are managed.
However, some developers may need to import an existing qmake project into Visual Studio. qmake is able to take a project file and create a Visual Studio project that contains all the necessary information required by the development environment. This is achieved by setting the qmake project template to either vcapp (for application projects) or vclib (for library projects).
This can also be set using a command line option, for example:
qmake -tp vc
It is possible to recursively generate .vcproj files in subdirectories and a .sln file in the main directory, by typing:
qmake -tp vc -r
Each time you update the project file, you need to run qmake to generate an updated Visual Studio project.
Note: If you are using the Visual Studio Add-in, you can import .pro files via the Qt->Import from .pro file menu item.
When deploying Qt applications built using Visual Studio 2005, it is necessary to ensure that the manifest file, created when the application was linked, is handled correctly. This is handled automatically for projects that generate DLLs.
Removing manifest embedding for application executables can be done with the following assignment to the CONFIG variable:
CONFIG -= embed_manifest_exe
Also, the manifest embedding for DLLs can be removed with the following assignment to the CONFIG variable:
CONFIG -= embed_manifest_dll
This is discussed in more detail in the deployment guide for Windows.
Features specific to this platform include handling of static data, capabilities, stack and heap size, compiler specific options, and unique identifiers for the application or library.
If the application uses any static data, the build system needs to be informed about it. This is because Symbian tries to save memory if no static data is in use.
To specify that static data support is desired, add this to the project file:
TARGET.EPOCALLOWDLLDATA = 1
The default value is zero.
The Symbian platform uses predefined sizes for stacks and heaps. If an application exceeds either limit, it may crash or fail to complete its task. Crashes that seem to have no reason can often be traced back to insufficient stack and/or heap sizes.
The stack size has a maximum value, whereas the heap size has a minimum and a maximum value, all specified in bytes. The minimum value prevents the application from starting if that amount of memory is not available. The minimum and maximum values are separated by a space. For example:
TARGET.EPOCHEAPSIZE = 10000 10000000 TARGET.EPOCSTACKSIZE = 0x8000
The default values depend on the version of the Symbian SDK you're using.
General compiler options can as usual be set using QMAKE_CFLAGS and QMAKE_CXXFLAGS. In order to set specific compiler options, QMAKE_CFLAGS.<compiler> and QMAKE_CXXFLAGS.<compiler> can be used. <compiler> can be either CW for the WINSCW architecture (emulator), or ARMCC for the ARMv5 architecture (hardware), or GCCE for the ARMv5 architecture (hardware).
Here is an example:
QMAKE_CXXFLAGS.CW += -O2 QMAKE_CXXFLAGS.ARMCC += -O0
Symbian applications may have unique identifiers attached to them. Here is how to define them in a project file:
There are four types of IDs supported: UID2, UID3, SID, and VID. They are specified like this:
TARGET.UID2 = 0x00000001 TARGET.UID3 = 0x00000002 TARGET.SID = 0x00000003 TARGET.VID = 0x00000004
If UID2 is not specified, it defaults to the same value as UID3. If UID3 is not specified, qmake will automatically generate a UID3 suitable for development and debugging. This value should be manually specified for applications that are to be released. In order to obtain an official UID, please contact Nokia. Both SID and VID default to empty values.
For more information about unique identifiers and their meaning for Symbian applications, please refer to the Symbian SDK documentation.
Capabilities define extra priviledges for the application, such as the ability to list all files on the file system. Capabilities are defined in the project file like this:
TARGET.CAPABILITY += AllFiles
It is also possible to specify which capabilities not to have, by first specifying ALL and then list the unwanted capabilities with a minus in front of them, like this:
TARGET.CAPABILITY = ALL -TCB -DRM -AllFiles
For more information about capabilities, please refer to the Symbian SDK documentation.
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