Out-of-core classification of text documents

This is an example showing how scikit-learn can be used for classification using an out-of-core approach: learning from data that doesn’t fit into main memory. We make use of an online classifier, i.e., one that supports the partial_fit method, that will be fed with batches of examples. To guarantee that the features space remains the same over time we leverage a HashingVectorizer that will project each example into the same feature space. This is especially useful in the case of text classification where new features (words) may appear in each batch.

The dataset used in this example is Reuters-21578 as provided by the UCI ML repository. It will be automatically downloaded and uncompressed on first run.

The plot represents the learning curve of the classifier: the evolution of classification accuracy over the course of the mini-batches. Accuracy is measured on the first 1000 samples, held out as a validation set.

To limit the memory consumption, we queue examples up to a fixed amount before feeding them to the learner.

# Authors: Eustache Diemert <[email protected]>
#          @FedericoV <https://github.com/FedericoV/>
# License: BSD 3 clause

from __future__ import print_function

from glob import glob
import itertools
import os.path
import re
import tarfile
import time

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import rcParams

from sklearn.externals.six.moves import html_parser
from sklearn.externals.six.moves.urllib.request import urlretrieve
from sklearn.datasets import get_data_home
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import HashingVectorizer
from sklearn.linear_model import SGDClassifier
from sklearn.linear_model import PassiveAggressiveClassifier
from sklearn.linear_model import Perceptron
from sklearn.naive_bayes import MultinomialNB


def _not_in_sphinx():
    # Hack to detect whether we are running by the sphinx builder
    return '__file__' in globals()

Reuters Dataset related routines

class ReutersParser(html_parser.HTMLParser):
    """Utility class to parse a SGML file and yield documents one at a time."""

    def __init__(self, encoding='latin-1'):
        html_parser.HTMLParser.__init__(self)
        self._reset()
        self.encoding = encoding

    def handle_starttag(self, tag, attrs):
        method = 'start_' + tag
        getattr(self, method, lambda x: None)(attrs)

    def handle_endtag(self, tag):
        method = 'end_' + tag
        getattr(self, method, lambda: None)()

    def _reset(self):
        self.in_title = 0
        self.in_body = 0
        self.in_topics = 0
        self.in_topic_d = 0
        self.title = ""
        self.body = ""
        self.topics = []
        self.topic_d = ""

    def parse(self, fd):
        self.docs = []
        for chunk in fd:
            self.feed(chunk.decode(self.encoding))
            for doc in self.docs:
                yield doc
            self.docs = []
        self.close()

    def handle_data(self, data):
        if self.in_body:
            self.body += data
        elif self.in_title:
            self.title += data
        elif self.in_topic_d:
            self.topic_d += data

    def start_reuters(self, attributes):
        pass

    def end_reuters(self):
        self.body = re.sub(r'\s+', r' ', self.body)
        self.docs.append({'title': self.title,
                          'body': self.body,
                          'topics': self.topics})
        self._reset()

    def start_title(self, attributes):
        self.in_title = 1

    def end_title(self):
        self.in_title = 0

    def start_body(self, attributes):
        self.in_body = 1

    def end_body(self):
        self.in_body = 0

    def start_topics(self, attributes):
        self.in_topics = 1

    def end_topics(self):
        self.in_topics = 0

    def start_d(self, attributes):
        self.in_topic_d = 1

    def end_d(self):
        self.in_topic_d = 0
        self.topics.append(self.topic_d)
        self.topic_d = ""


def stream_reuters_documents(data_path=None):
    """Iterate over documents of the Reuters dataset.

    The Reuters archive will automatically be downloaded and uncompressed if
    the `data_path` directory does not exist.

    Documents are represented as dictionaries with 'body' (str),
    'title' (str), 'topics' (list(str)) keys.

    """

    DOWNLOAD_URL = ('http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/'
                    'reuters21578-mld/reuters21578.tar.gz')
    ARCHIVE_FILENAME = 'reuters21578.tar.gz'

    if data_path is None:
        data_path = os.path.join(get_data_home(), "reuters")
    if not os.path.exists(data_path):
        """Download the dataset."""
        print("downloading dataset (once and for all) into %s" %
              data_path)
        os.mkdir(data_path)

        def progress(blocknum, bs, size):
            total_sz_mb = '%.2f MB' % (size / 1e6)
            current_sz_mb = '%.2f MB' % ((blocknum * bs) / 1e6)
            if _not_in_sphinx():
                print('\rdownloaded %s / %s' % (current_sz_mb, total_sz_mb),
                      end='')

        archive_path = os.path.join(data_path, ARCHIVE_FILENAME)
        urlretrieve(DOWNLOAD_URL, filename=archive_path,
                    reporthook=progress)
        if _not_in_sphinx():
            print('\r', end='')
        print("untarring Reuters dataset...")
        tarfile.open(archive_path, 'r:gz').extractall(data_path)
        print("done.")

    parser = ReutersParser()
    for filename in glob(os.path.join(data_path, "*.sgm")):
        for doc in parser.parse(open(filename, 'rb')):
            yield doc

Main

Create the vectorizer and limit the number of features to a reasonable maximum

vectorizer = HashingVectorizer(decode_error='ignore', n_features=2 ** 18,
                               alternate_sign=False)


# Iterator over parsed Reuters SGML files.
data_stream = stream_reuters_documents()

# We learn a binary classification between the "acq" class and all the others.
# "acq" was chosen as it is more or less evenly distributed in the Reuters
# files. For other datasets, one should take care of creating a test set with
# a realistic portion of positive instances.
all_classes = np.array([0, 1])
positive_class = 'acq'

# Here are some classifiers that support the `partial_fit` method
partial_fit_classifiers = {
    'SGD': SGDClassifier(),
    'Perceptron': Perceptron(),
    'NB Multinomial': MultinomialNB(alpha=0.01),
    'Passive-Aggressive': PassiveAggressiveClassifier(),
}


def get_minibatch(doc_iter, size, pos_class=positive_class):
    """Extract a minibatch of examples, return a tuple X_text, y.

    Note: size is before excluding invalid docs with no topics assigned.

    """
    data = [(u'{title}\n\n{body}'.format(**doc), pos_class in doc['topics'])
            for doc in itertools.islice(doc_iter, size)
            if doc['topics']]
    if not len(data):
        return np.asarray([], dtype=int), np.asarray([], dtype=int)
    X_text, y = zip(*data)
    return X_text, np.asarray(y, dtype=int)


def iter_minibatches(doc_iter, minibatch_size):
    """Generator of minibatches."""
    X_text, y = get_minibatch(doc_iter, minibatch_size)
    while len(X_text):
        yield X_text, y
        X_text, y = get_minibatch(doc_iter, minibatch_size)


# test data statistics
test_stats = {'n_test': 0, 'n_test_pos': 0}

# First we hold out a number of examples to estimate accuracy
n_test_documents = 1000
tick = time.time()
X_test_text, y_test = get_minibatch(data_stream, 1000)
parsing_time = time.time() - tick
tick = time.time()
X_test = vectorizer.transform(X_test_text)
vectorizing_time = time.time() - tick
test_stats['n_test'] += len(y_test)
test_stats['n_test_pos'] += sum(y_test)
print("Test set is %d documents (%d positive)" % (len(y_test), sum(y_test)))


def progress(cls_name, stats):
    """Report progress information, return a string."""
    duration = time.time() - stats['t0']
    s = "%20s classifier : \t" % cls_name
    s += "%(n_train)6d train docs (%(n_train_pos)6d positive) " % stats
    s += "%(n_test)6d test docs (%(n_test_pos)6d positive) " % test_stats
    s += "accuracy: %(accuracy).3f " % stats
    s += "in %.2fs (%5d docs/s)" % (duration, stats['n_train'] / duration)
    return s


cls_stats = {}

for cls_name in partial_fit_classifiers:
    stats = {'n_train': 0, 'n_train_pos': 0,
             'accuracy': 0.0, 'accuracy_history': [(0, 0)], 't0': time.time(),
             'runtime_history': [(0, 0)], 'total_fit_time': 0.0}
    cls_stats[cls_name] = stats

get_minibatch(data_stream, n_test_documents)
# Discard test set

# We will feed the classifier with mini-batches of 1000 documents; this means
# we have at most 1000 docs in memory at any time.  The smaller the document
# batch, the bigger the relative overhead of the partial fit methods.
minibatch_size = 1000

# Create the data_stream that parses Reuters SGML files and iterates on
# documents as a stream.
minibatch_iterators = iter_minibatches(data_stream, minibatch_size)
total_vect_time = 0.0

# Main loop : iterate on mini-batches of examples
for i, (X_train_text, y_train) in enumerate(minibatch_iterators):

    tick = time.time()
    X_train = vectorizer.transform(X_train_text)
    total_vect_time += time.time() - tick

    for cls_name, cls in partial_fit_classifiers.items():
        tick = time.time()
        # update estimator with examples in the current mini-batch
        cls.partial_fit(X_train, y_train, classes=all_classes)

        # accumulate test accuracy stats
        cls_stats[cls_name]['total_fit_time'] += time.time() - tick
        cls_stats[cls_name]['n_train'] += X_train.shape[0]
        cls_stats[cls_name]['n_train_pos'] += sum(y_train)
        tick = time.time()
        cls_stats[cls_name]['accuracy'] = cls.score(X_test, y_test)
        cls_stats[cls_name]['prediction_time'] = time.time() - tick
        acc_history = (cls_stats[cls_name]['accuracy'],
                       cls_stats[cls_name]['n_train'])
        cls_stats[cls_name]['accuracy_history'].append(acc_history)
        run_history = (cls_stats[cls_name]['accuracy'],
                       total_vect_time + cls_stats[cls_name]['total_fit_time'])
        cls_stats[cls_name]['runtime_history'].append(run_history)

        if i % 3 == 0:
            print(progress(cls_name, cls_stats[cls_name]))
    if i % 3 == 0:
        print('\n')

Out:

Test set is 878 documents (108 positive)
                 SGD classifier :          962 train docs (   132 positive)    878 test docs (   108 positive) accuracy: 0.901 in 1.38s (  698 docs/s)
          Perceptron classifier :          962 train docs (   132 positive)    878 test docs (   108 positive) accuracy: 0.912 in 1.38s (  696 docs/s)
      NB Multinomial classifier :          962 train docs (   132 positive)    878 test docs (   108 positive) accuracy: 0.877 in 1.39s (  690 docs/s)
  Passive-Aggressive classifier :          962 train docs (   132 positive)    878 test docs (   108 positive) accuracy: 0.929 in 1.41s (  684 docs/s)


                 SGD classifier :         3911 train docs (   517 positive)    878 test docs (   108 positive) accuracy: 0.935 in 3.94s (  993 docs/s)
          Perceptron classifier :         3911 train docs (   517 positive)    878 test docs (   108 positive) accuracy: 0.941 in 3.94s (  992 docs/s)
      NB Multinomial classifier :         3911 train docs (   517 positive)    878 test docs (   108 positive) accuracy: 0.885 in 3.95s (  989 docs/s)
  Passive-Aggressive classifier :         3911 train docs (   517 positive)    878 test docs (   108 positive) accuracy: 0.949 in 3.95s (  988 docs/s)


                 SGD classifier :         6821 train docs (   891 positive)    878 test docs (   108 positive) accuracy: 0.950 in 6.49s ( 1051 docs/s)
          Perceptron classifier :         6821 train docs (   891 positive)    878 test docs (   108 positive) accuracy: 0.929 in 6.49s ( 1050 docs/s)
      NB Multinomial classifier :         6821 train docs (   891 positive)    878 test docs (   108 positive) accuracy: 0.900 in 6.50s ( 1048 docs/s)
  Passive-Aggressive classifier :         6821 train docs (   891 positive)    878 test docs (   108 positive) accuracy: 0.948 in 6.51s ( 1047 docs/s)


                 SGD classifier :         9759 train docs (  1276 positive)    878 test docs (   108 positive) accuracy: 0.953 in 9.06s ( 1077 docs/s)
          Perceptron classifier :         9759 train docs (  1276 positive)    878 test docs (   108 positive) accuracy: 0.948 in 9.06s ( 1076 docs/s)
      NB Multinomial classifier :         9759 train docs (  1276 positive)    878 test docs (   108 positive) accuracy: 0.909 in 9.08s ( 1075 docs/s)
  Passive-Aggressive classifier :         9759 train docs (  1276 positive)    878 test docs (   108 positive) accuracy: 0.956 in 9.08s ( 1074 docs/s)


                 SGD classifier :        11680 train docs (  1499 positive)    878 test docs (   108 positive) accuracy: 0.959 in 11.42s ( 1023 docs/s)
          Perceptron classifier :        11680 train docs (  1499 positive)    878 test docs (   108 positive) accuracy: 0.923 in 11.42s ( 1022 docs/s)
      NB Multinomial classifier :        11680 train docs (  1499 positive)    878 test docs (   108 positive) accuracy: 0.915 in 11.43s ( 1021 docs/s)
  Passive-Aggressive classifier :        11680 train docs (  1499 positive)    878 test docs (   108 positive) accuracy: 0.962 in 11.43s ( 1021 docs/s)


                 SGD classifier :        14625 train docs (  1865 positive)    878 test docs (   108 positive) accuracy: 0.965 in 14.13s ( 1035 docs/s)
          Perceptron classifier :        14625 train docs (  1865 positive)    878 test docs (   108 positive) accuracy: 0.956 in 14.13s ( 1035 docs/s)
      NB Multinomial classifier :        14625 train docs (  1865 positive)    878 test docs (   108 positive) accuracy: 0.924 in 14.14s ( 1034 docs/s)
  Passive-Aggressive classifier :        14625 train docs (  1865 positive)    878 test docs (   108 positive) accuracy: 0.964 in 14.14s ( 1033 docs/s)


                 SGD classifier :        17360 train docs (  2179 positive)    878 test docs (   108 positive) accuracy: 0.938 in 16.56s ( 1048 docs/s)
          Perceptron classifier :        17360 train docs (  2179 positive)    878 test docs (   108 positive) accuracy: 0.948 in 16.57s ( 1047 docs/s)
      NB Multinomial classifier :        17360 train docs (  2179 positive)    878 test docs (   108 positive) accuracy: 0.932 in 16.58s ( 1047 docs/s)
  Passive-Aggressive classifier :        17360 train docs (  2179 positive)    878 test docs (   108 positive) accuracy: 0.957 in 16.58s ( 1046 docs/s)

Plot results

def plot_accuracy(x, y, x_legend):
    """Plot accuracy as a function of x."""
    x = np.array(x)
    y = np.array(y)
    plt.title('Classification accuracy as a function of %s' % x_legend)
    plt.xlabel('%s' % x_legend)
    plt.ylabel('Accuracy')
    plt.grid(True)
    plt.plot(x, y)

rcParams['legend.fontsize'] = 10
cls_names = list(sorted(cls_stats.keys()))

# Plot accuracy evolution
plt.figure()
for _, stats in sorted(cls_stats.items()):
    # Plot accuracy evolution with #examples
    accuracy, n_examples = zip(*stats['accuracy_history'])
    plot_accuracy(n_examples, accuracy, "training examples (#)")
    ax = plt.gca()
    ax.set_ylim((0.8, 1))
plt.legend(cls_names, loc='best')

plt.figure()
for _, stats in sorted(cls_stats.items()):
    # Plot accuracy evolution with runtime
    accuracy, runtime = zip(*stats['runtime_history'])
    plot_accuracy(runtime, accuracy, 'runtime (s)')
    ax = plt.gca()
    ax.set_ylim((0.8, 1))
plt.legend(cls_names, loc='best')

# Plot fitting times
plt.figure()
fig = plt.gcf()
cls_runtime = []
for cls_name, stats in sorted(cls_stats.items()):
    cls_runtime.append(stats['total_fit_time'])

cls_runtime.append(total_vect_time)
cls_names.append('Vectorization')
bar_colors = ['b', 'g', 'r', 'c', 'm', 'y']

ax = plt.subplot(111)
rectangles = plt.bar(range(len(cls_names)), cls_runtime, width=0.5,
                     color=bar_colors)

ax.set_xticks(np.linspace(0.25, len(cls_names) - 0.75, len(cls_names)))
ax.set_xticklabels(cls_names, fontsize=10)
ymax = max(cls_runtime) * 1.2
ax.set_ylim((0, ymax))
ax.set_ylabel('runtime (s)')
ax.set_title('Training Times')


def autolabel(rectangles):
    """attach some text vi autolabel on rectangles."""
    for rect in rectangles:
        height = rect.get_height()
        ax.text(rect.get_x() + rect.get_width() / 2.,
                1.05 * height, '%.4f' % height,
                ha='center', va='bottom')

autolabel(rectangles)
plt.show()

# Plot prediction times
plt.figure()
cls_runtime = []
cls_names = list(sorted(cls_stats.keys()))
for cls_name, stats in sorted(cls_stats.items()):
    cls_runtime.append(stats['prediction_time'])
cls_runtime.append(parsing_time)
cls_names.append('Read/Parse\n+Feat.Extr.')
cls_runtime.append(vectorizing_time)
cls_names.append('Hashing\n+Vect.')

ax = plt.subplot(111)
rectangles = plt.bar(range(len(cls_names)), cls_runtime, width=0.5,
                     color=bar_colors)

ax.set_xticks(np.linspace(0.25, len(cls_names) - 0.75, len(cls_names)))
ax.set_xticklabels(cls_names, fontsize=8)
plt.setp(plt.xticks()[1], rotation=30)
ymax = max(cls_runtime) * 1.2
ax.set_ylim((0, ymax))
ax.set_ylabel('runtime (s)')
ax.set_title('Prediction Times (%d instances)' % n_test_documents)
autolabel(rectangles)
plt.show()

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Total running time of the script: ( 0 minutes 17.926 seconds)