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The software that has been packaged for Debian GNU/Linux is available in one of several directory trees on each Debian mirror site.
The dists directory is short for "distributions", and it is the canonical way to access the currently available Debian releases (and pre-releases).
The pool directory contains the actual packages, see What's in the pool directory?, Section 6.10.
There are the following supplementary directories:
DOS utilities for creating boot disks, partitioning your disk drive, compressing/decompressing files, and booting Linux.
The basic Debian documentation, such as the FAQ, the bug reporting system instructions, etc.
The Maintainers file and the override files.
mostly developer-only materials, such as:
This directory contains packages and tools which are still being developed, and are still in the alpha testing stage. Users shouldn't be using packages from here, because they can be dangerous and harmful even for the most experienced people.
There are three distributions, the "stable" distribution, the "testing" distribution, and the "unstable" distribution. The "testing" distribution is sometimes `frozen' (see What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?, Section 6.6.1).
They are just "codenames". When a Debian distribution is in the development stage, it has no version number but a codename. The purpose of these codenames is to make easier the mirroring of the Debian distributions (if a real directory like unstable suddenly changed its name to stable, a lot of stuff would have to be needlessly downloaded again).
Currently, stable is a symbolic link to etch (i.e. Debian GNU/Linux 4.0) and testing is a symbolic link to lenny. This means that etch is the current stable distribution and lenny is the current testing distribution.
unstable is a permanent symbolic link to sid, as sid is always the unstable distribution (see What about "sid"?, Section 6.4).
Other codenames that have been already used are: buzz for release 1.1, rex for release 1.2, bo for releases 1.3.x, hamm for release 2.0, slink for release 2.1, potato for release 2.2, woody for release 3.0, sarge for release 3.1, and etch for release 4.0
So far they have been characters taken from the movie "Toy Story" by Pixar.
buzz (Buzz Lightyear) was the spaceman,
rex was the tyrannosaurus,
bo (Bo Peep) was the girl who took care of the sheep,
hamm was the piggy bank,
slink (Slinky Dog (R)) was the toy dog,
potato was, of course, Mr. Potato (R),
woody was the cowboy,
sarge was the sergeant of the Green Plastic Army Men,
etch was the toy blackboard (Etch-a-Sketch (R)),
lenny was the binoculars.
sid was the boy next door who destroyed toys.
sid or unstable is the place where most of the packages are initially uploaded. It will never be released directly, because packages which are to be released will first have to be included in testing, in order to be released in stable later on. sid contains packages for both released and unreleased architectures.
The name "sid" also comes from the "Toy Story" animated motion picture: Sid was the boy next door who destroyed toys :-)
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stable/main/: This directory contains the packages which formally constitute the most recent release of the Debian GNU/Linux system.
These packages all comply with the Debian Free Software
Guidelines, and are all freely usable and distributable.
stable/non-free/: This directory contains packages distribution of which is restricted in a way that requires that distributors take careful account of the specified copyright requirements.
For example, some packages have licenses which prohibit commercial distribution. Others can be redistributed but are in fact shareware and not freeware. The licenses of each of these packages must be studied, and possibly negotiated, before the packages are included in any redistribution (e.g., in a CD-ROM).
stable/contrib/: This directory contains packages which are DFSG-free and freely distributable themselves, but somehow depend on a package that is not freely distributable and thus available only in the non-free section.
Packages are installed into the `testing' directory after they have undergone some degree of testing in unstable.
They must be in sync on all architectures where they have been built and mustn't have dependencies that make them uninstallable; they also have to have fewer release-critical bugs than the versions currently in testing. This way, we hope that `testing' is always close to being a release candidate.
More information about the status of "testing" in general and the
individual packages is available at http://www.debian.org/devel/testing
When the "testing" distribution is mature enough, the release manager starts `freezing' it. The normal propagation delays are increased to ensure that as little as possible new bugs from "unstable" enter "testing".
After a while, the "testing" distribution becomes truly `frozen'. This means that all new packages that are to propagate to the "testing" are held back, unless they include release-critical bug fixes. The "testing" distribution can also remain in such a deep freeze during the so-called `test cycles', when the release is imminent.
We keep a record of bugs in the "testing" distribution that can hold
off a package from being released, or bugs that can hold back the whole
release. For details, please see current testing release
information.
Once that bug count lowers to maximum acceptable values, the frozen "testing" distribution is declared "stable" and released with a version number.
With each new release, the previous "stable" distribution becomes
obsolete and moves to the archive. For more information please see Debian archive.
The `unstable' directory contains a snapshot of the current development system. Users are welcome to use and test these packages, but are warned about their state of readiness. The advantage of using the unstable distribution is that you are always up-to-date with the latest in GNU/Linux software industry, but if it breaks: you get to keep both parts :-)
There are also main, contrib and non-free subdirectories in `unstable', separated on the same criteria as in `stable'.
Within each of the major directory trees[3], there are three sets of subdirectories containing index files.
There's one set of binary-something subdirectories which contain index files for binary packages of each available computer architecture, for example binary-i386 for packages which execute on Intel x86 PC machines or binary-sparc for packages which execute on Sun SPARCStations.
The complete list of available architectures for each release is available at
the release's web
page. For the current release, please see On what hardware architectures/systems does
Debian GNU/Linux run?, Section 4.1.
The index files in binary-* are called Packages(.gz) and they include a summary of each binary package that is included in that distribution. The actual binary packages (for woody and subsequent releases) reside in the top level pool directory.
Furthermore, there's a subdirectory called source/ which contains index files for source packages included in the distribution. The index file is called Sources(.gz).
Last but not least, there's a set of subdirectories meant for the installation system index files. In the woody release, these are named disks-architecture; in sarge and later releases, they are at debian-installer/binary-architecture.
Source code is included for everything in the Debian system. Moreover, the license terms of most programs in the system require that source code be distributed along with the programs, or that an offer to provide the source code accompany the programs.
The source code is distributed in the pool directory (see What's in the pool directory?, Section 6.10) together with all the architecture-specific binary directories. To retrieve the source code without having to be familiar with the structure of the FTP archive, try a command like apt-get source mypackagename.
Some packages are only distributed as source code due to the restrictions in their licenses. Notably, one such package is pine, see Where is pine?, Section 5.11 for more information.
Source code may or may not be available for packages in the "contrib" and "non-free" directories, which are not formally part of the Debian system.
Packages are kept in a large `pool', structured according to the name of the source package. To make this manageable, the pool is subdivided by section (`main', `contrib' and `non-free') and by the first letter of the source package name. These directories contain several files: the binary packages for each architecture, and the source packages from which the binary packages were generated.
You can find out where each package is placed by executing a command like apt-cache showsrc mypackagename and looking at the `Directory:' line. For example, the apache packages are stored in pool/main/a/apache/.
Additionally, since there are so many lib* packages, these are treated specially: for instance, libpaper packages are stored in pool/main/libp/libpaper/.
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After a developer uploads a package, it stays for a short while in the "incoming" directory before it is checked that it's genuine and allowed into the archive.
Usually nobody should install things from this place. However, in some rare
cases of emergency, the incoming directory is available at http://incoming.debian.org/. You
can manually fetch packages, check the GPG signature and MD5sums in the
.changes and .dsc files, and then install them.
If you have built some private Debian packages which you'd like to install
using the standard Debian package management tools, you can set up your own
apt-able package archive. This is also useful if you'd like to share your
Debian packages while these are not distributed by the Debian project.
Instructions on how to do this are given in the Debian
Repository HOWTO.
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