by Chris Sugrue
A c++ vector is a type of container (like an array) that allows the storage of multiple elements (numbers, strings, objects etc.) in a format that can grow or shrink dynamically. Once a vector is created, new elements can be added, others erased and the entire vector can be sorted or shuffled. This tutorial is an overview of the basics of using vectors and is geared towards openFrameworks programmers that may be new or coming from other platforms and languages. It is not a comprehensive guide to all the functions of c++ vectors (additional resource links are provided below).
Additional Resources:
vector<float> nums; // create an empty vector of floats nums.push_back(10.5); // add a float with value 10.5 to the end of vectorcout << nums[0] << endl; // print out the value of element at position 0nums.erase( nums.begin() ); // erase the first element in the vectorcout << nums.size() << endl; // print the number of elements in the vector
vector<float>:: iterator it = nums.begin(); // create an iterator for vector that points to first element
cout << *it << end; // print out the value of the element pointed to by the iteratorvector< type > name;
vector<float> measures;
vector<string> surnames;
vector<Particle> particles;push_back adds a new element to the end of the vector.
vector<string> names; // declare an empty vector
names.push_back("jane"); // add an element
names.push_back("joe"); // add another - now has size of 2 with elements: "jane", "joe"push_back is a very common way to add elements and is useful when adding elements one at a time or only a few (adding objects when an event occurs for example).
resize allocates memory for the desired number of elements in the vector and adjusts its size accordingly.
vector<int> nums; // declare the vector
nums.resize(100); // allocate space for 100 ints in vector
for(int i = 0; i < nums.size(); i++){
nums[i] = i; // set value using index
}When adding many elements at the same time, using resize may be faster than push_back. This is because when a new element is added to the end of a vector there might not be enough space in memory at the current location. In this case, the entire vector is moved meaning that it will be copied and new memory allocated in a different location. This can be slow and may occur multiple times when using push_back in a loop. When using resize the move would only need to be performed once.
For more details on this refer to Arturo Castro's tutorial
assign can be used to create a vector of a given size and populate it with uniform values, or to copy part of an existing vector. It reinitializes the vector deleting any previous elements.
vector<float> vals; // declare the vector
vals.assign(100,0.0f); // add 100 floats all with value of 0.0
vector<Particle> particles;
particles.assign(10,Particle());
vector<Particle> copyParticles;
copyParticles.assign( particles.begin(), particles.begin()+5 );Elements can be accessed using the [] operator with an index in the same style as c arrays.
cout << names[0] << end; // !if there is no element 0, you have a memory access error
for( int i = 0; i < names.size(); i++){
cout << names[i] << endl;
}Vectors have a function at() that will return the value in the same way as the [] operator, however it is slightly slower than []. at() checks if the index is in bounds and if not, throws an exception. This can make it useful for debugging, however for clarity and speed [] is usually preferred.
cout << names.at(0) << endl;An element can be removed from a vector using erase. This function takes in an iterator to the position in the vector not the index. The function begin() returns an iterator to the first element of the vector and can be added to to pass in subsequent positions. Note that erase does not check if the element exists or not, so be sure when erasing!
particles.erase( particles.begin() ); // erase first element
particles.erase( particles.begin() + 3 ); // erase third element
particles.erase( particles.begin(), particles.begin()+2 ); // remove first 2 elementsclear removes all elements in the vector reducing its size to 0.
particles.clear();An iterator is a class of objects designed to help traverse through a sequence of elements (such as a vector). An iterator for a vector points to an individual element in the vector, and can be incremented to point to the next. As some vector functions take int or return iterators, it is useful to understand how they work.
Declaring an iterator for a vector:
vector< type >::iterator it; // it is the name of the iterator but could be called anything we want
vector<float>::iterator it = nums.begin();
vector<Particle>::iterator itp = partices.begin();begin() returns an iterator to the first element of the vector and end() to one past the last element in the vector.
To access the value of an element using an iterator, we have to dereference it as if it was a pointer. The iterator is pointing to the element in the array, but we want the value of element it is pointing to instead.
vector<int> nums;
nums.push_back(10);
vector<int>::iterator it = nums.begin();
cout << *it << endl; // prints out 10
vector<Particle>::iterator itp = particles.begin(); // get iterator to first element
float xpos = (*itp).pos.x; // use dereference * to access the element value or properties
particle.erase(itp); // pass the iterator to a vector function such as erase Looping through the vector using iterators:
vector<float>::iterator it = nums.begin(); // create an iterator that points to the first element
// loop through, increasing to next element until the end is reached
for(; it != nums.end(); ++it){
cout << *it << end; // output value with dereference operator
}
for(vector<Particle>::iterator it = particles.begin(); it != particles.end(); ++it){
cout << (*it).pos.x << end;
}Note that when using iterators we want to test that our iterator ( it in this case) is not equal to end() (it != particles.end()) rather than > test. end() signifies one element beyond the last. This is important because an iterator cannot be incremented beyond end() or bad things can happen.
In a while loop the structure would be:
vector<Particle>::iterator it = particles.begin();
while( it != particles.end() ){
cout << (*it).x << end;
++it;
}When erasing multiple elements with an iterator, it is important that the iterator gets a return value from the erased element so it does not become invalid.
vector<float>::iterator it = nums.begin(); // iterator points to first element
for(; it != num.end();){
if( *it > 5.2 ) it = nums.erase(it); // be sure to return the iterator when erasing so it is not invalidated
else ++it;
}With vectors there is no speed difference between iterators or array-style [] indexes.
remove_if checks conditions defined in a boolean function to determine if each element of the vector should be deleted or not. It moves any that return true to the end of the vector and then returns the iterator to the first element that should be removed. It does not remove anything, but can be used together with erase to actually delete the undesired elements. This is useful when all elements in the vector need to be checked to see if they should be deleted or not (for example if a particle has gone off screen or its life timer has reached zero and so on).
The first step is defining a function that returns a bool and takes in as a parameter a reference to an element of the type the vector contains.
bool checkDead( Particle &p ){
return p.isDead;
}Then call erase with the iterator returned from remove_if:
vector<Particle>::iterator it = particles.remove_if(particles.begin(),particles.end(),checkDead);
particles.erase( it, particles.end() );
// or all in one line
particles.erase( particles.remove_if(particles.begin(),particles.end(),checkDead), particles.end() );OpenFrameworks has a function called ofRemove that performs similarly. Create the function and pass it with the vector to perform both the remove_if and erase at the same time.
ofRemove(particles,checkDead); //particles is the vector, checkDead is the boolean functionBe careful that this format is not used with a vector of pointers to objects (see below).
c++ has a number of < algorithm > functions that work with vectors and iterators ( remove_if is one of these for example). Two very useful functions are sort and random_shuffle. In openFrameworks they are implemented as ofSort and ofRandomize.
sort works similarly to remove_if in that it can take in a vector and a boolean function that determines how the elements are sorted. The boolean function has two parameter that are elements of the type of vector, and returns true or false based on a comparison of the two.
// compare for a vector of floats, sorting from lowest to highest
bool my_compare( float a, float b){
return a < b;
}The vector range and boolean function can then be passed to sort:
vector<float>vals;
vals.push_back(3.0);
vals.push_back(.1);
vals.push_back(2.3); // vector now has: 3.0,.1,2.3
std::sort( vals.begin(), vals.end(), my_compare); // after sorting: .1, 2.3, 3.0ofSort with objects:
bool my_compare( Particle &a, Particle &b){
return a.pos.x < b.pos.x;
}
...
vector<Particle> particles;
particles.assign(10,Particle());
ofSort(particles,my_compare); // with ofSort the entire vector is passed in rather than a rangerandom_shuffle and ofRandomize simply shuffle the elements of a vector into a random order.
std::random_shuffle(vals.begin(),vals.end()); // pass in range to be shuffled
ofRandomize(vals); // pass in just the vector (all will be shuffled)More information on algorithm functions:
As indicated in the above examples, it is quite common to create vectors of objects.
vector<Particle> particles;In many situations this works great and is preferred. However, problems can sometimes arise if the class has member pointers and dynamically allocated memory but not a proper copy constructor. A vector of pointers to objects can be used, although shared pointers are probably best. Shared pointers would also be needed to use polymorphism / base classes.
More on vectors and copy constructors.
## Vectors of pointers to objects
When using a vector of pointers to objects, the syntax is similar:
vector<Particle *> particlePointers;It is very important to remember that when erasing a pointer to an object in a vector it needs to be deleted as well as erased!!
// delete and erase a single element with index
delete particlePointers[1];
particlePointers.erase( particlePointers.begin()+1 );
// delete and erase with a loop
vector<Particle>::iterator it = particlePointers.begin();
for(; it != particlePointers.end();){
if( (*it)->isDead ){
delete *it;
it = particlePointers.erase(it);
}else
++it;
}Note that this means erase and remove_if demonstrated above will not be sufficient. If pointers are needed, it is worthwhile to consider using shared pointers instead.
## Optimization with resize and reserve See Arturo Castro's article.
ofApp.h
#pragma once
#include "ofMain.h"
// create the particle class in the header for brevity
class Particle{
public:
Particle(){
pos.set( 0, 0, 0 );
vel.set( ofRandom(-5,5), ofRandom(-4,-8), 0);
}
void update(){
pos += vel;
vel.y += .1;
}
void draw(){
ofDrawEllipse(pos.x,pos.y,10,10);
}
ofPoint pos;
ofVec3f vel;
};
class ofApp : public ofBaseApp{
public:
void setup();
void update();
void draw();
void keyPressed(int key);
void keyReleased(int key);
void mouseMoved(int x, int y);
void mouseDragged(int x, int y, int button);
void mousePressed(int x, int y, int button);
void mouseReleased(int x, int y, int button);
void windowResized(int w, int h);
void dragEvent(ofDragInfo dragInfo);
void gotMessage(ofMessage msg);
// declare the vector of particles
vector<Particle> particles;
};ofApp.cpp
#include "ofApp.h"
// write our boolean remove function
bool shouldRemove(Particle &p){
if(p.pos.y > ofGetHeight() )return true;
else return false;
}
void ofApp::setup(){
ofSetFrameRate(60);
}
void ofApp::update(){
for(int i = 0; i < particles.size(); i++){
particles[i].update();
}
ofRemove(particles,shouldRemove);
}
void ofApp::draw(){
ofTranslate( ofGetWidth()/2, ofGetHeight()/2);
for(int i = 0; i < particles.size(); i++){
particles[i].draw();
}
}
void ofApp::keyPressed(int key){
particles.push_back( Particle() );
}ofApp.cpp using iterators
#include "ofApp.h"
// write our boolean remove function
bool shouldRemove(Particle &p){
if(p.pos.y > ofGetHeight() )return true;
else return false;
}
void ofApp::setup(){
ofSetFrameRate(60);
}
void ofApp::update(){
for(vector<Particle>::iterator it = particles.begin(); it != particles.end(); it++){
(*it).update();
}
ofRemove(particles,shouldRemove);
}
void ofApp::draw(){
ofTranslate( ofGetWidth()/2, ofGetHeight()/2);
for(vector<Particle>::iterator it = particles.begin(); it != particles.end(); it++){
(*it).draw();
}
}
void ofApp::keyPressed(int key){
particles.push_back( Particle() );
}