bootstrap.c

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/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * bootstrap.c
 *    routines to support running postgres in 'bootstrap' mode
 *  bootstrap mode is used to create the initial template database
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2013, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 * IDENTIFICATION
 *    src/backend/bootstrap/bootstrap.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
#include "postgres.h"

#include <time.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <signal.h>
#ifdef HAVE_GETOPT_H
#include <getopt.h>
#endif

#include "access/htup_details.h"
#include "bootstrap/bootstrap.h"
#include "catalog/index.h"
#include "catalog/pg_collation.h"
#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
#include "libpq/pqsignal.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
#include "postmaster/bgwriter.h"
#include "postmaster/startup.h"
#include "postmaster/walwriter.h"
#include "replication/walreceiver.h"
#include "storage/bufmgr.h"
#include "storage/bufpage.h"
#include "storage/ipc.h"
#include "storage/proc.h"
#include "tcop/tcopprot.h"
#include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "utils/fmgroids.h"
#include "utils/memutils.h"
#include "utils/ps_status.h"
#include "utils/rel.h"
#include "utils/relmapper.h"
#include "utils/tqual.h"

extern int  optind;
extern char *optarg;

uint32 bootstrap_data_checksum_version = 0;  /* No checksum */


#define ALLOC(t, c)     ((t *) calloc((unsigned)(c), sizeof(t)))

static void CheckerModeMain(void);
static void BootstrapModeMain(void);
static void bootstrap_signals(void);
static void ShutdownAuxiliaryProcess(int code, Datum arg);
static Form_pg_attribute AllocateAttribute(void);
static Oid  gettype(char *type);
static void cleanup(void);

/* ----------------
 *      global variables
 * ----------------
 */

AuxProcType MyAuxProcType = NotAnAuxProcess;    /* declared in miscadmin.h */

Relation    boot_reldesc;       /* current relation descriptor */

Form_pg_attribute attrtypes[MAXATTR];   /* points to attribute info */
int         numattr;            /* number of attributes for cur. rel */


/*
 * Basic information associated with each type.  This is used before
 * pg_type is filled, so it has to cover the datatypes used as column types
 * in the core "bootstrapped" catalogs.
 *
 *      XXX several of these input/output functions do catalog scans
 *          (e.g., F_REGPROCIN scans pg_proc).  this obviously creates some
 *          order dependencies in the catalog creation process.
 */
struct typinfo
{
    char        name[NAMEDATALEN];
    Oid         oid;
    Oid         elem;
    int16       len;
    bool        byval;
    char        align;
    char        storage;
    Oid         collation;
    Oid         inproc;
    Oid         outproc;
};

static const struct typinfo TypInfo[] = {
    {"bool", BOOLOID, 0, 1, true, 'c', 'p', InvalidOid,
    F_BOOLIN, F_BOOLOUT},
    {"bytea", BYTEAOID, 0, -1, false, 'i', 'x', InvalidOid,
    F_BYTEAIN, F_BYTEAOUT},
    {"char", CHAROID, 0, 1, true, 'c', 'p', InvalidOid,
    F_CHARIN, F_CHAROUT},
    {"int2", INT2OID, 0, 2, true, 's', 'p', InvalidOid,
    F_INT2IN, F_INT2OUT},
    {"int4", INT4OID, 0, 4, true, 'i', 'p', InvalidOid,
    F_INT4IN, F_INT4OUT},
    {"float4", FLOAT4OID, 0, 4, FLOAT4PASSBYVAL, 'i', 'p', InvalidOid,
    F_FLOAT4IN, F_FLOAT4OUT},
    {"name", NAMEOID, CHAROID, NAMEDATALEN, false, 'c', 'p', InvalidOid,
    F_NAMEIN, F_NAMEOUT},
    {"regclass", REGCLASSOID, 0, 4, true, 'i', 'p', InvalidOid,
    F_REGCLASSIN, F_REGCLASSOUT},
    {"regproc", REGPROCOID, 0, 4, true, 'i', 'p', InvalidOid,
    F_REGPROCIN, F_REGPROCOUT},
    {"regtype", REGTYPEOID, 0, 4, true, 'i', 'p', InvalidOid,
    F_REGTYPEIN, F_REGTYPEOUT},
    {"text", TEXTOID, 0, -1, false, 'i', 'x', DEFAULT_COLLATION_OID,
    F_TEXTIN, F_TEXTOUT},
    {"oid", OIDOID, 0, 4, true, 'i', 'p', InvalidOid,
    F_OIDIN, F_OIDOUT},
    {"tid", TIDOID, 0, 6, false, 's', 'p', InvalidOid,
    F_TIDIN, F_TIDOUT},
    {"xid", XIDOID, 0, 4, true, 'i', 'p', InvalidOid,
    F_XIDIN, F_XIDOUT},
    {"cid", CIDOID, 0, 4, true, 'i', 'p', InvalidOid,
    F_CIDIN, F_CIDOUT},
    {"pg_node_tree", PGNODETREEOID, 0, -1, false, 'i', 'x', DEFAULT_COLLATION_OID,
    F_PG_NODE_TREE_IN, F_PG_NODE_TREE_OUT},
    {"int2vector", INT2VECTOROID, INT2OID, -1, false, 'i', 'p', InvalidOid,
    F_INT2VECTORIN, F_INT2VECTOROUT},
    {"oidvector", OIDVECTOROID, OIDOID, -1, false, 'i', 'p', InvalidOid,
    F_OIDVECTORIN, F_OIDVECTOROUT},
    {"_int4", INT4ARRAYOID, INT4OID, -1, false, 'i', 'x', InvalidOid,
    F_ARRAY_IN, F_ARRAY_OUT},
    {"_text", 1009, TEXTOID, -1, false, 'i', 'x', DEFAULT_COLLATION_OID,
    F_ARRAY_IN, F_ARRAY_OUT},
    {"_oid", 1028, OIDOID, -1, false, 'i', 'x', InvalidOid,
    F_ARRAY_IN, F_ARRAY_OUT},
    {"_char", 1002, CHAROID, -1, false, 'i', 'x', InvalidOid,
    F_ARRAY_IN, F_ARRAY_OUT},
    {"_aclitem", 1034, ACLITEMOID, -1, false, 'i', 'x', InvalidOid,
    F_ARRAY_IN, F_ARRAY_OUT}
};

static const int n_types = sizeof(TypInfo) / sizeof(struct typinfo);

struct typmap
{                               /* a hack */
    Oid         am_oid;
    FormData_pg_type am_typ;
};

static struct typmap **Typ = NULL;
static struct typmap *Ap = NULL;

static Datum values[MAXATTR];   /* current row's attribute values */
static bool Nulls[MAXATTR];

static MemoryContext nogc = NULL;       /* special no-gc mem context */

/*
 *  At bootstrap time, we first declare all the indices to be built, and
 *  then build them.  The IndexList structure stores enough information
 *  to allow us to build the indices after they've been declared.
 */

typedef struct _IndexList
{
    Oid         il_heap;
    Oid         il_ind;
    IndexInfo  *il_info;
    struct _IndexList *il_next;
} IndexList;

static IndexList *ILHead = NULL;


/*
 *   AuxiliaryProcessMain
 *
 *   The main entry point for auxiliary processes, such as the bgwriter,
 *   walwriter, walreceiver, bootstrapper and the shared memory checker code.
 *
 *   This code is here just because of historical reasons.
 */
void
AuxiliaryProcessMain(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    char       *progname = argv[0];
    int         flag;
    char       *userDoption = NULL;

    /*
     * initialize globals
     */
    MyProcPid = getpid();

    MyStartTime = time(NULL);

    /*
     * Fire up essential subsystems: error and memory management
     *
     * If we are running under the postmaster, this is done already.
     */
    if (!IsUnderPostmaster)
        MemoryContextInit();

    /* Compute paths, if we didn't inherit them from postmaster */
    if (my_exec_path[0] == '\0')
    {
        if (find_my_exec(progname, my_exec_path) < 0)
            elog(FATAL, "%s: could not locate my own executable path",
                 progname);
    }

    /*
     * process command arguments
     */

    /* Set defaults, to be overriden by explicit options below */
    if (!IsUnderPostmaster)
        InitializeGUCOptions();

    /* Ignore the initial --boot argument, if present */
    if (argc > 1 && strcmp(argv[1], "--boot") == 0)
    {
        argv++;
        argc--;
    }

    /* If no -x argument, we are a CheckerProcess */
    MyAuxProcType = CheckerProcess;

    while ((flag = getopt(argc, argv, "B:c:d:D:Fkr:x:-:")) != -1)
    {
        switch (flag)
        {
            case 'B':
                SetConfigOption("shared_buffers", optarg, PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
                break;
            case 'D':
                userDoption = strdup(optarg);
                break;
            case 'd':
                {
                    /* Turn on debugging for the bootstrap process. */
                    char       *debugstr = palloc(strlen("debug") + strlen(optarg) + 1);

                    sprintf(debugstr, "debug%s", optarg);
                    SetConfigOption("log_min_messages", debugstr,
                                    PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
                    SetConfigOption("client_min_messages", debugstr,
                                    PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
                    pfree(debugstr);
                }
                break;
            case 'F':
                SetConfigOption("fsync", "false", PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
                break;
            case 'k':
                bootstrap_data_checksum_version = PG_DATA_CHECKSUM_VERSION;
                break;
            case 'r':
                strlcpy(OutputFileName, optarg, MAXPGPATH);
                break;
            case 'x':
                MyAuxProcType = atoi(optarg);
                break;
            case 'c':
            case '-':
                {
                    char       *name,
                               *value;

                    ParseLongOption(optarg, &name, &value);
                    if (!value)
                    {
                        if (flag == '-')
                            ereport(ERROR,
                                    (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
                                     errmsg("--%s requires a value",
                                            optarg)));
                        else
                            ereport(ERROR,
                                    (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
                                     errmsg("-c %s requires a value",
                                            optarg)));
                    }

                    SetConfigOption(name, value, PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
                    free(name);
                    if (value)
                        free(value);
                    break;
                }
            default:
                write_stderr("Try \"%s --help\" for more information.\n",
                             progname);
                proc_exit(1);
                break;
        }
    }

    if (argc != optind)
    {
        write_stderr("%s: invalid command-line arguments\n", progname);
        proc_exit(1);
    }

    /*
     * Identify myself via ps
     */
    if (IsUnderPostmaster)
    {
        const char *statmsg;

        switch (MyAuxProcType)
        {
            case StartupProcess:
                statmsg = "startup process";
                break;
            case BgWriterProcess:
                statmsg = "writer process";
                break;
            case CheckpointerProcess:
                statmsg = "checkpointer process";
                break;
            case WalWriterProcess:
                statmsg = "wal writer process";
                break;
            case WalReceiverProcess:
                statmsg = "wal receiver process";
                break;
            default:
                statmsg = "??? process";
                break;
        }
        init_ps_display(statmsg, "", "", "");
    }

    /* Acquire configuration parameters, unless inherited from postmaster */
    if (!IsUnderPostmaster)
    {
        if (!SelectConfigFiles(userDoption, progname))
            proc_exit(1);
    }

    /* Validate we have been given a reasonable-looking DataDir */
    Assert(DataDir);
    ValidatePgVersion(DataDir);

    /* Change into DataDir (if under postmaster, should be done already) */
    if (!IsUnderPostmaster)
        ChangeToDataDir();

    /* If standalone, create lockfile for data directory */
    if (!IsUnderPostmaster)
        CreateDataDirLockFile(false);

    SetProcessingMode(BootstrapProcessing);
    IgnoreSystemIndexes = true;

    /* Initialize MaxBackends (if under postmaster, was done already) */
    if (!IsUnderPostmaster)
        InitializeMaxBackends();

    BaseInit();

    /*
     * When we are an auxiliary process, we aren't going to do the full
     * InitPostgres pushups, but there are a couple of things that need to get
     * lit up even in an auxiliary process.
     */
    if (IsUnderPostmaster)
    {
        /*
         * Create a PGPROC so we can use LWLocks.  In the EXEC_BACKEND case,
         * this was already done by SubPostmasterMain().
         */
#ifndef EXEC_BACKEND
        InitAuxiliaryProcess();
#endif

        /*
         * Assign the ProcSignalSlot for an auxiliary process.  Since it
         * doesn't have a BackendId, the slot is statically allocated based on
         * the auxiliary process type (MyAuxProcType).  Backends use slots
         * indexed in the range from 1 to MaxBackends (inclusive), so we use
         * MaxBackends + AuxProcType + 1 as the index of the slot for an
         * auxiliary process.
         *
         * This will need rethinking if we ever want more than one of a
         * particular auxiliary process type.
         */
        ProcSignalInit(MaxBackends + MyAuxProcType + 1);

        /* finish setting up bufmgr.c */
        InitBufferPoolBackend();

        /* register a shutdown callback for LWLock cleanup */
        on_shmem_exit(ShutdownAuxiliaryProcess, 0);
    }

    /*
     * XLOG operations
     */
    SetProcessingMode(NormalProcessing);

    switch (MyAuxProcType)
    {
        case CheckerProcess:
            /* don't set signals, they're useless here */
            CheckerModeMain();
            proc_exit(1);       /* should never return */

        case BootstrapProcess:
            bootstrap_signals();
            BootStrapXLOG();
            BootstrapModeMain();
            proc_exit(1);       /* should never return */

        case StartupProcess:
            /* don't set signals, startup process has its own agenda */
            StartupProcessMain();
            proc_exit(1);       /* should never return */

        case BgWriterProcess:
            /* don't set signals, bgwriter has its own agenda */
            BackgroundWriterMain();
            proc_exit(1);       /* should never return */

        case CheckpointerProcess:
            /* don't set signals, checkpointer has its own agenda */
            CheckpointerMain();
            proc_exit(1);       /* should never return */

        case WalWriterProcess:
            /* don't set signals, walwriter has its own agenda */
            InitXLOGAccess();
            WalWriterMain();
            proc_exit(1);       /* should never return */

        case WalReceiverProcess:
            /* don't set signals, walreceiver has its own agenda */
            WalReceiverMain();
            proc_exit(1);       /* should never return */

        default:
            elog(PANIC, "unrecognized process type: %d", (int) MyAuxProcType);
            proc_exit(1);
    }
}

/*
 * In shared memory checker mode, all we really want to do is create shared
 * memory and semaphores (just to prove we can do it with the current GUC
 * settings).  Since, in fact, that was already done by BaseInit(),
 * we have nothing more to do here.
 */
static void
CheckerModeMain(void)
{
    proc_exit(0);
}

/*
 *   The main entry point for running the backend in bootstrap mode
 *
 *   The bootstrap mode is used to initialize the template database.
 *   The bootstrap backend doesn't speak SQL, but instead expects
 *   commands in a special bootstrap language.
 */
static void
BootstrapModeMain(void)
{
    int         i;

    Assert(!IsUnderPostmaster);

    SetProcessingMode(BootstrapProcessing);

    /*
     * Do backend-like initialization for bootstrap mode
     */
    InitProcess();

    InitPostgres(NULL, InvalidOid, NULL, NULL);

    /* Initialize stuff for bootstrap-file processing */
    for (i = 0; i < MAXATTR; i++)
    {
        attrtypes[i] = NULL;
        Nulls[i] = false;
    }

    /*
     * Process bootstrap input.
     */
    boot_yyparse();

    /*
     * We should now know about all mapped relations, so it's okay to write
     * out the initial relation mapping files.
     */
    RelationMapFinishBootstrap();

    /* Clean up and exit */
    cleanup();
    proc_exit(0);
}


/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *                      misc functions
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */

/*
 * Set up signal handling for a bootstrap process
 */
static void
bootstrap_signals(void)
{
    if (IsUnderPostmaster)
    {
        /*
         * If possible, make this process a group leader, so that the
         * postmaster can signal any child processes too.
         */
#ifdef HAVE_SETSID
        if (setsid() < 0)
            elog(FATAL, "setsid() failed: %m");
#endif

        /*
         * Properly accept or ignore signals the postmaster might send us
         */
        pqsignal(SIGHUP, SIG_IGN);
        pqsignal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);      /* ignore query-cancel */
        pqsignal(SIGTERM, die);
        pqsignal(SIGQUIT, quickdie);
        pqsignal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
        pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
        pqsignal(SIGUSR1, SIG_IGN);
        pqsignal(SIGUSR2, SIG_IGN);

        /*
         * Reset some signals that are accepted by postmaster but not here
         */
        pqsignal(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
        pqsignal(SIGTTIN, SIG_DFL);
        pqsignal(SIGTTOU, SIG_DFL);
        pqsignal(SIGCONT, SIG_DFL);
        pqsignal(SIGWINCH, SIG_DFL);

        /*
         * Unblock signals (they were blocked when the postmaster forked us)
         */
        PG_SETMASK(&UnBlockSig);
    }
    else
    {
        /* Set up appropriately for interactive use */
        pqsignal(SIGHUP, die);
        pqsignal(SIGINT, die);
        pqsignal(SIGTERM, die);
        pqsignal(SIGQUIT, die);
    }
}

/*
 * Begin shutdown of an auxiliary process.  This is approximately the equivalent
 * of ShutdownPostgres() in postinit.c.  We can't run transactions in an
 * auxiliary process, so most of the work of AbortTransaction() is not needed,
 * but we do need to make sure we've released any LWLocks we are holding.
 * (This is only critical during an error exit.)
 */
static void
ShutdownAuxiliaryProcess(int code, Datum arg)
{
    LWLockReleaseAll();
}

/* ----------------------------------------------------------------
 *              MANUAL BACKEND INTERACTIVE INTERFACE COMMANDS
 * ----------------------------------------------------------------
 */

/* ----------------
 *      boot_openrel
 * ----------------
 */
void
boot_openrel(char *relname)
{
    int         i;
    struct typmap **app;
    Relation    rel;
    HeapScanDesc scan;
    HeapTuple   tup;

    if (strlen(relname) >= NAMEDATALEN)
        relname[NAMEDATALEN - 1] = '\0';

    if (Typ == NULL)
    {
        /* We can now load the pg_type data */
        rel = heap_open(TypeRelationId, NoLock);
        scan = heap_beginscan(rel, SnapshotNow, 0, NULL);
        i = 0;
        while ((tup = heap_getnext(scan, ForwardScanDirection)) != NULL)
            ++i;
        heap_endscan(scan);
        app = Typ = ALLOC(struct typmap *, i + 1);
        while (i-- > 0)
            *app++ = ALLOC(struct typmap, 1);
        *app = NULL;
        scan = heap_beginscan(rel, SnapshotNow, 0, NULL);
        app = Typ;
        while ((tup = heap_getnext(scan, ForwardScanDirection)) != NULL)
        {
            (*app)->am_oid = HeapTupleGetOid(tup);
            memcpy((char *) &(*app)->am_typ,
                   (char *) GETSTRUCT(tup),
                   sizeof((*app)->am_typ));
            app++;
        }
        heap_endscan(scan);
        heap_close(rel, NoLock);
    }

    if (boot_reldesc != NULL)
        closerel(NULL);

    elog(DEBUG4, "open relation %s, attrsize %d",
         relname, (int) ATTRIBUTE_FIXED_PART_SIZE);

    boot_reldesc = heap_openrv(makeRangeVar(NULL, relname, -1), NoLock);
    numattr = boot_reldesc->rd_rel->relnatts;
    for (i = 0; i < numattr; i++)
    {
        if (attrtypes[i] == NULL)
            attrtypes[i] = AllocateAttribute();
        memmove((char *) attrtypes[i],
                (char *) boot_reldesc->rd_att->attrs[i],
                ATTRIBUTE_FIXED_PART_SIZE);

        {
            Form_pg_attribute at = attrtypes[i];

            elog(DEBUG4, "create attribute %d name %s len %d num %d type %u",
                 i, NameStr(at->attname), at->attlen, at->attnum,
                 at->atttypid);
        }
    }
}

/* ----------------
 *      closerel
 * ----------------
 */
void
closerel(char *name)
{
    if (name)
    {
        if (boot_reldesc)
        {
            if (strcmp(RelationGetRelationName(boot_reldesc), name) != 0)
                elog(ERROR, "close of %s when %s was expected",
                     name, RelationGetRelationName(boot_reldesc));
        }
        else
            elog(ERROR, "close of %s before any relation was opened",
                 name);
    }

    if (boot_reldesc == NULL)
        elog(ERROR, "no open relation to close");
    else
    {
        elog(DEBUG4, "close relation %s",
             RelationGetRelationName(boot_reldesc));
        heap_close(boot_reldesc, NoLock);
        boot_reldesc = NULL;
    }
}



/* ----------------
 * DEFINEATTR()
 *
 * define a <field,type> pair
 * if there are n fields in a relation to be created, this routine
 * will be called n times
 * ----------------
 */
void
DefineAttr(char *name, char *type, int attnum)
{
    Oid         typeoid;

    if (boot_reldesc != NULL)
    {
        elog(WARNING, "no open relations allowed with CREATE command");
        closerel(NULL);
    }

    if (attrtypes[attnum] == NULL)
        attrtypes[attnum] = AllocateAttribute();
    MemSet(attrtypes[attnum], 0, ATTRIBUTE_FIXED_PART_SIZE);

    namestrcpy(&attrtypes[attnum]->attname, name);
    elog(DEBUG4, "column %s %s", NameStr(attrtypes[attnum]->attname), type);
    attrtypes[attnum]->attnum = attnum + 1;     /* fillatt */

    typeoid = gettype(type);

    if (Typ != NULL)
    {
        attrtypes[attnum]->atttypid = Ap->am_oid;
        attrtypes[attnum]->attlen = Ap->am_typ.typlen;
        attrtypes[attnum]->attbyval = Ap->am_typ.typbyval;
        attrtypes[attnum]->attstorage = Ap->am_typ.typstorage;
        attrtypes[attnum]->attalign = Ap->am_typ.typalign;
        attrtypes[attnum]->attcollation = Ap->am_typ.typcollation;
        /* if an array type, assume 1-dimensional attribute */
        if (Ap->am_typ.typelem != InvalidOid && Ap->am_typ.typlen < 0)
            attrtypes[attnum]->attndims = 1;
        else
            attrtypes[attnum]->attndims = 0;
    }
    else
    {
        attrtypes[attnum]->atttypid = TypInfo[typeoid].oid;
        attrtypes[attnum]->attlen = TypInfo[typeoid].len;
        attrtypes[attnum]->attbyval = TypInfo[typeoid].byval;
        attrtypes[attnum]->attstorage = TypInfo[typeoid].storage;
        attrtypes[attnum]->attalign = TypInfo[typeoid].align;
        attrtypes[attnum]->attcollation = TypInfo[typeoid].collation;
        /* if an array type, assume 1-dimensional attribute */
        if (TypInfo[typeoid].elem != InvalidOid &&
            attrtypes[attnum]->attlen < 0)
            attrtypes[attnum]->attndims = 1;
        else
            attrtypes[attnum]->attndims = 0;
    }

    attrtypes[attnum]->attstattarget = -1;
    attrtypes[attnum]->attcacheoff = -1;
    attrtypes[attnum]->atttypmod = -1;
    attrtypes[attnum]->attislocal = true;

    /*
     * Mark as "not null" if type is fixed-width and prior columns are too.
     * This corresponds to case where column can be accessed directly via C
     * struct declaration.
     *
     * oidvector and int2vector are also treated as not-nullable, even though
     * they are no longer fixed-width.
     */
#define MARKNOTNULL(att) \
    ((att)->attlen > 0 || \
     (att)->atttypid == OIDVECTOROID || \
     (att)->atttypid == INT2VECTOROID)

    if (MARKNOTNULL(attrtypes[attnum]))
    {
        int         i;

        for (i = 0; i < attnum; i++)
        {
            if (!MARKNOTNULL(attrtypes[i]))
                break;
        }
        if (i == attnum)
            attrtypes[attnum]->attnotnull = true;
    }
}


/* ----------------
 *      InsertOneTuple
 *
 * If objectid is not zero, it is a specific OID to assign to the tuple.
 * Otherwise, an OID will be assigned (if necessary) by heap_insert.
 * ----------------
 */
void
InsertOneTuple(Oid objectid)
{
    HeapTuple   tuple;
    TupleDesc   tupDesc;
    int         i;

    elog(DEBUG4, "inserting row oid %u, %d columns", objectid, numattr);

    tupDesc = CreateTupleDesc(numattr,
                              RelationGetForm(boot_reldesc)->relhasoids,
                              attrtypes);
    tuple = heap_form_tuple(tupDesc, values, Nulls);
    if (objectid != (Oid) 0)
        HeapTupleSetOid(tuple, objectid);
    pfree(tupDesc);             /* just free's tupDesc, not the attrtypes */

    simple_heap_insert(boot_reldesc, tuple);
    heap_freetuple(tuple);
    elog(DEBUG4, "row inserted");

    /*
     * Reset null markers for next tuple
     */
    for (i = 0; i < numattr; i++)
        Nulls[i] = false;
}

/* ----------------
 *      InsertOneValue
 * ----------------
 */
void
InsertOneValue(char *value, int i)
{
    Oid         typoid;
    int16       typlen;
    bool        typbyval;
    char        typalign;
    char        typdelim;
    Oid         typioparam;
    Oid         typinput;
    Oid         typoutput;
    char       *prt;

    AssertArg(i >= 0 && i < MAXATTR);

    elog(DEBUG4, "inserting column %d value \"%s\"", i, value);

    typoid = boot_reldesc->rd_att->attrs[i]->atttypid;

    boot_get_type_io_data(typoid,
                          &typlen, &typbyval, &typalign,
                          &typdelim, &typioparam,
                          &typinput, &typoutput);

    values[i] = OidInputFunctionCall(typinput, value, typioparam, -1);
    prt = OidOutputFunctionCall(typoutput, values[i]);
    elog(DEBUG4, "inserted -> %s", prt);
    pfree(prt);
}

/* ----------------
 *      InsertOneNull
 * ----------------
 */
void
InsertOneNull(int i)
{
    elog(DEBUG4, "inserting column %d NULL", i);
    Assert(i >= 0 && i < MAXATTR);
    values[i] = PointerGetDatum(NULL);
    Nulls[i] = true;
}

/* ----------------
 *      cleanup
 * ----------------
 */
static void
cleanup(void)
{
    if (boot_reldesc != NULL)
        closerel(NULL);
}

/* ----------------
 *      gettype
 *
 * NB: this is really ugly; it will return an integer index into TypInfo[],
 * and not an OID at all, until the first reference to a type not known in
 * TypInfo[].  At that point it will read and cache pg_type in the Typ array,
 * and subsequently return a real OID (and set the global pointer Ap to
 * point at the found row in Typ).  So caller must check whether Typ is
 * still NULL to determine what the return value is!
 * ----------------
 */
static Oid
gettype(char *type)
{
    int         i;
    Relation    rel;
    HeapScanDesc scan;
    HeapTuple   tup;
    struct typmap **app;

    if (Typ != NULL)
    {
        for (app = Typ; *app != NULL; app++)
        {
            if (strncmp(NameStr((*app)->am_typ.typname), type, NAMEDATALEN) == 0)
            {
                Ap = *app;
                return (*app)->am_oid;
            }
        }
    }
    else
    {
        for (i = 0; i < n_types; i++)
        {
            if (strncmp(type, TypInfo[i].name, NAMEDATALEN) == 0)
                return i;
        }
        elog(DEBUG4, "external type: %s", type);
        rel = heap_open(TypeRelationId, NoLock);
        scan = heap_beginscan(rel, SnapshotNow, 0, NULL);
        i = 0;
        while ((tup = heap_getnext(scan, ForwardScanDirection)) != NULL)
            ++i;
        heap_endscan(scan);
        app = Typ = ALLOC(struct typmap *, i + 1);
        while (i-- > 0)
            *app++ = ALLOC(struct typmap, 1);
        *app = NULL;
        scan = heap_beginscan(rel, SnapshotNow, 0, NULL);
        app = Typ;
        while ((tup = heap_getnext(scan, ForwardScanDirection)) != NULL)
        {
            (*app)->am_oid = HeapTupleGetOid(tup);
            memmove((char *) &(*app++)->am_typ,
                    (char *) GETSTRUCT(tup),
                    sizeof((*app)->am_typ));
        }
        heap_endscan(scan);
        heap_close(rel, NoLock);
        return gettype(type);
    }
    elog(ERROR, "unrecognized type \"%s\"", type);
    /* not reached, here to make compiler happy */
    return 0;
}

/* ----------------
 *      boot_get_type_io_data
 *
 * Obtain type I/O information at bootstrap time.  This intentionally has
 * almost the same API as lsyscache.c's get_type_io_data, except that
 * we only support obtaining the typinput and typoutput routines, not
 * the binary I/O routines.  It is exported so that array_in and array_out
 * can be made to work during early bootstrap.
 * ----------------
 */
void
boot_get_type_io_data(Oid typid,
                      int16 *typlen,
                      bool *typbyval,
                      char *typalign,
                      char *typdelim,
                      Oid *typioparam,
                      Oid *typinput,
                      Oid *typoutput)
{
    if (Typ != NULL)
    {
        /* We have the boot-time contents of pg_type, so use it */
        struct typmap **app;
        struct typmap *ap;

        app = Typ;
        while (*app && (*app)->am_oid != typid)
            ++app;
        ap = *app;
        if (ap == NULL)
            elog(ERROR, "type OID %u not found in Typ list", typid);

        *typlen = ap->am_typ.typlen;
        *typbyval = ap->am_typ.typbyval;
        *typalign = ap->am_typ.typalign;
        *typdelim = ap->am_typ.typdelim;

        /* XXX this logic must match getTypeIOParam() */
        if (OidIsValid(ap->am_typ.typelem))
            *typioparam = ap->am_typ.typelem;
        else
            *typioparam = typid;

        *typinput = ap->am_typ.typinput;
        *typoutput = ap->am_typ.typoutput;
    }
    else
    {
        /* We don't have pg_type yet, so use the hard-wired TypInfo array */
        int         typeindex;

        for (typeindex = 0; typeindex < n_types; typeindex++)
        {
            if (TypInfo[typeindex].oid == typid)
                break;
        }
        if (typeindex >= n_types)
            elog(ERROR, "type OID %u not found in TypInfo", typid);

        *typlen = TypInfo[typeindex].len;
        *typbyval = TypInfo[typeindex].byval;
        *typalign = TypInfo[typeindex].align;
        /* We assume typdelim is ',' for all boot-time types */
        *typdelim = ',';

        /* XXX this logic must match getTypeIOParam() */
        if (OidIsValid(TypInfo[typeindex].elem))
            *typioparam = TypInfo[typeindex].elem;
        else
            *typioparam = typid;

        *typinput = TypInfo[typeindex].inproc;
        *typoutput = TypInfo[typeindex].outproc;
    }
}

/* ----------------
 *      AllocateAttribute
 *
 * Note: bootstrap never sets any per-column ACLs, so we only need
 * ATTRIBUTE_FIXED_PART_SIZE space per attribute.
 * ----------------
 */
static Form_pg_attribute
AllocateAttribute(void)
{
    Form_pg_attribute attribute = (Form_pg_attribute) malloc(ATTRIBUTE_FIXED_PART_SIZE);

    if (!PointerIsValid(attribute))
        elog(FATAL, "out of memory");
    MemSet(attribute, 0, ATTRIBUTE_FIXED_PART_SIZE);

    return attribute;
}

/* ----------------
 *      MapArrayTypeName
 * XXX arrays of "basetype" are always "_basetype".
 *     this is an evil hack inherited from rel. 3.1.
 * XXX array dimension is thrown away because we
 *     don't support fixed-dimension arrays.  again,
 *     sickness from 3.1.
 *
 * the string passed in must have a '[' character in it
 *
 * the string returned is a pointer to static storage and should NOT
 * be freed by the CALLER.
 * ----------------
 */
char *
MapArrayTypeName(char *s)
{
    int         i,
                j;
    static char newStr[NAMEDATALEN];    /* array type names < NAMEDATALEN long */

    if (s == NULL || s[0] == '\0')
        return s;

    j = 1;
    newStr[0] = '_';
    for (i = 0; i < NAMEDATALEN - 1 && s[i] != '['; i++, j++)
        newStr[j] = s[i];

    newStr[j] = '\0';

    return newStr;
}


/*
 *  index_register() -- record an index that has been set up for building
 *                      later.
 *
 *      At bootstrap time, we define a bunch of indexes on system catalogs.
 *      We postpone actually building the indexes until just before we're
 *      finished with initialization, however.  This is because the indexes
 *      themselves have catalog entries, and those have to be included in the
 *      indexes on those catalogs.  Doing it in two phases is the simplest
 *      way of making sure the indexes have the right contents at the end.
 */
void
index_register(Oid heap,
               Oid ind,
               IndexInfo *indexInfo)
{
    IndexList  *newind;
    MemoryContext oldcxt;

    /*
     * XXX mao 10/31/92 -- don't gc index reldescs, associated info at
     * bootstrap time.  we'll declare the indexes now, but want to create them
     * later.
     */

    if (nogc == NULL)
        nogc = AllocSetContextCreate(NULL,
                                     "BootstrapNoGC",
                                     ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_MINSIZE,
                                     ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_INITSIZE,
                                     ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_MAXSIZE);

    oldcxt = MemoryContextSwitchTo(nogc);

    newind = (IndexList *) palloc(sizeof(IndexList));
    newind->il_heap = heap;
    newind->il_ind = ind;
    newind->il_info = (IndexInfo *) palloc(sizeof(IndexInfo));

    memcpy(newind->il_info, indexInfo, sizeof(IndexInfo));
    /* expressions will likely be null, but may as well copy it */
    newind->il_info->ii_Expressions = (List *)
        copyObject(indexInfo->ii_Expressions);
    newind->il_info->ii_ExpressionsState = NIL;
    /* predicate will likely be null, but may as well copy it */
    newind->il_info->ii_Predicate = (List *)
        copyObject(indexInfo->ii_Predicate);
    newind->il_info->ii_PredicateState = NIL;
    /* no exclusion constraints at bootstrap time, so no need to copy */
    Assert(indexInfo->ii_ExclusionOps == NULL);
    Assert(indexInfo->ii_ExclusionProcs == NULL);
    Assert(indexInfo->ii_ExclusionStrats == NULL);

    newind->il_next = ILHead;
    ILHead = newind;

    MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcxt);
}


/*
 * build_indices -- fill in all the indexes registered earlier
 */
void
build_indices(void)
{
    for (; ILHead != NULL; ILHead = ILHead->il_next)
    {
        Relation    heap;
        Relation    ind;

        /* need not bother with locks during bootstrap */
        heap = heap_open(ILHead->il_heap, NoLock);
        ind = index_open(ILHead->il_ind, NoLock);

        index_build(heap, ind, ILHead->il_info, false, false);

        index_close(ind, NoLock);
        heap_close(heap, NoLock);
    }
}