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An Introduction to MapServer

Revision:$Revision: 8478 $
Date:$Date: 2009-01-29 11:54:42 -0800 (Thu, 29 Jan 2009) $
Author:Jeff McKenna
Contact:jmckenna at gatewaygeomatics.com
Author:David Fawcett
Contact:david.fawcett at moea.state.mn.us
Author:Howard Butler
Contact:hobu.inc at gmail.com

MapServer Overview

MapServer is a popular Open Source project whose purpose is to display dynamic spatial maps over the Internet. Some of its major features include:

  • support for display and querying of hundreds of raster, vector, and database formats
  • ability to run on various operating systems (Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, etc.)
  • support for popular scripting languages and development environments (PHP, Python, Perl, Ruby, Java, .NET)
  • on-the-fly projections
  • high quality rendering
  • fully customizable application output
  • many ready-to-use Open Source application environments

In its most basic form, MapServer is a CGI program that sits inactive on your Web server. When a request is sent to MapServer, it uses information passed in the request URL and the Mapfile to create an image of the requested map. The request may also return images for legends, scale bars, reference maps, and values passed as CGI variables.

See also

The Glossary contains an overview of many of the jargon terms in this document.

MapServer can be extended and customized through MapScript or templating. It can be built to support many different vector and raster input data formats, and it can generate a multitude of output formats. Most pre-compiled MapServer distributions contain most all of its features.

Note

MapScript provides a scripting interface for MapServer for the construction of Web and stand-alone applications. MapScript can used independently of CGI MapServer, and it is a loadable module that adds MapServer capability to your favorite scripting language. MapScript currently exists in PHP, Perl, Python, Ruby, Tcl, Java, and .NET flavors.

This guide will not explicitly discuss MapScript, check out the MapScript Reference for more information.

Anatomy of a MapServer Application

MapServer Basic Architecture

The basic architecture of MapServer applications.

A simple MapServer application consists of:

  • Map File - a structured text configuration file for your MapServer application. It defines the area of your map, tells the MapServer program where your data is and where to output images. It also defines your map layers, including their data source, projections, and symbology. It must have a .map extension or MapServer will not recognize it.

  • Geographic Data - MapServer can utilize many geographic data source types. The default format is the ESRI shapefile. Many other data formats can be supported, this is discussed further below in Adding data to your site.

  • HTML Pages - the interface between the user and MapServer . They normally sit in Web root. In it’s simplest form, MapServer can be called to place a static map image on a html page. To make the map interactive, the image is placed in an html form on a page.

    CGI programs are ‘stateless’, every request they get is new and they don’t remember anything about the last time that they were hit by your application. For this reason, every time your application sends a request to MapServer, it needs to pass context information (what layers are on, where you are on the map, application mode, etc.) in hidden form variables or URL variables.

    A simple MapServer CGI application may include two html pages:

    • Initialization File - uses a form with hidden variables to send an initial query to the http server and MapServer. This form could be placed on another page or be replaced by passing the initialization information as variables in a URL.

    • Template File - controls how the maps and legends output by MapServer will appear in the browser. By referencing MapServer CGI variables in the template html, you allow MapServer to populate them with values related to the current state of your application (e.g. map image name, reference image name, map extent, etc.) as it creates the html page for the browser to read. The template also determines how the user can interact with the MapServer application (browse, zoom, pan, query).

      See also

      Templating

  • MapServer CGI - The binary or executable file that receives requests and returns images, data, etc. It sits in the cgi-bin or scripts directory of the http server. The Web server user must have execute rights for the directory that it sits in, and for security reasons, it should not be in the web root. By default, this program is called mapserv

  • HTTP Server - serves up the html pages when hit by the user’s browser. You need a working HTTP (Web) server, such as Apache or Microsoft Internet Information Server, on the machine on which you are installing MapServer.

Installation and Requirements

Windows Installation

OSGeo4W is a new Windows installer that downloads and/or updates MapServer, add-on applications, and also other Open Source geospatial software. The following steps illustrate how to use OSGeo4W:

  1. Download OSGeo4W http://download.osgeo.org/osgeo4w/osgeo4w-setup.exe

  2. Execute (double-click) the .exe

  3. Choose “Advanced” install type

    _images/osgeo4w-install-start.png

    Note

    Express contains options for higher-level packages such as MapServer, GRASS, and uDig. Advanced gives you full access to choosing commandline tools and applications for MapServer that are not included in the Express install

  4. Select packages to install

    _images/osgeo4w-install-next.png

    Note

    Click on the “Default” text beside the higher-level packages (such as Web) to install all of Web’s sub-packages, or click on the “Skip” text beside the sub-package (such as MapServer) to install that package and all of its dependencies.

  5. Let the installer fetch the packages.

    _images/osgeo4w-install-fetch.png
  6. Run the apache-install.bat script to install the Apache Service.

    Note

    You must run this script under the “OSGeo4W Shell”. This is usually available as a shortcut on your desktop

    Note

    A apache-uninstall.bat script is also available to remove the Apache service installation.

  7. Start Apache from the OSGeo4W shell and navigate to http://127.0.0.1

    apache-restart.bat
    
    _images/osgeo4w-install-complete.png
  8. Verify that MapServer is working

    _images/osgeo4w-install-verify.png

Hardware Requirements

MapServer runs on Linux, Windows, Mac OS X, Solaris, and more. To compile or install some of the required programs, you may need administrative rights to the machine. People commonly ask questions about minimum hardware specifications for MapServer applications, but the answers are really specific to the individual application. For development and learning purposes, a very minimal machine will work fine. For deployment, you will want to investigate Optimization of everything from your data to server configuration.

Software Requirements

You need a working and properly configured HTTP (Web) server, such as Apache or Microsoft Internet Information Server, on the machine on which you are installing MapServer. OSGeo4W contains Apache already, but you can reconfigure things to use IIS if you need to. Alternatively, MS4W can be used to install MapServer on Windows.

If you are on a Windows machine, and you don’t have a HTTP server installed, you may want to check out MS4W, which will install a pre-configured HTTP server, MapServer, and more. The FGS Linux Installer provides similar functionality for several Linux distributions.

This introduction will assume you are using pre-compiled OSGeo4W Windows binaries to follow along. Obtaining MapServer or Linux or Mac OS X should be straightforward. Visit Download for installing pre-compiled MapServer builds on Mac OS X and Linux.

You will also need a Web browser, and a text editor (vi, emacs, notepad, homesite) to modify your html and mapfiles.

Skills

In addition to learning how the different components of a MapServer application work together and learning Map File syntax, building a basic application requires some conceptual understanding and proficiency in several skill areas.

You need to be able to create or at least modify HTML pages and understand how HTML forms work. Since the primary purpose of a MapServer application is to create maps, you will also need to understand the basics of geographic data and likely, map projections. As your applications get more complex, skills in SQL, DHTML/Javascript, Java, databases, expressions, compiling, and scripting may be very useful.

Introduction to the Mapfile

The .map file is the basic configuration file for data access and styling for MapServer. The file is an ASCII text file, and is made up of different objects. Each object has a variety of parameters available for it. All .map file (or mapfile) parameters are documented in the mapfile reference. A simple mapfile example displaying only one layer follows, as well as the map image output:

NAME "sample"
STATUS ON
SIZE 600 400
SYMBOLSET "../etc/symbols.txt"
EXTENT -180 -90 180 90
UNITS DD
SHAPEPATH "../data"
IMAGECOLOR 255 255 255
FONTSET "../etc/fonts.txt"

#
# Start of web interface definition
#
WEB
    IMAGEPATH "/ms4w/tmp/ms_tmp/"
    IMAGEURL "/ms_tmp/"
END

#
# Start of layer definitions
#
LAYER
    NAME 'global-raster
    TYPE RASTER
    STATUS DEFAULT
    DATA bluemarble.gif
END
Rendered Bluemarble Image

Rendered Bluemarble Image

Note

  • Comments in a mapfile are specified with a ‘#’ character
  • MapServer parses mapfiles from top to bottom, therefore layers at the end of the mapfile will be drawn last (meaning they will be displayed on top of other layers)
  • Using relative paths is always recommended
  • Paths should be quoted (single or double quotes are accepted)

MAP Object

MAP
    NAME                 "sample"
    EXTENT        -180 -90 180 90 # Geographic
    SIZE                  800 400
    IMAGECOLOR        128 128 255
END
  • EXTENT is the output extent in the units of the output map
  • SIZE is the width and height of the map image in pixels
  • IMAGECOLOR is the default image background color

LAYER Object

  • starting with MapServer 5.0, there is no limit to the number of layers in a mapfile
  • DATA parameter is relative to the SHAPEPATH parameter the MAP object
  • if no DATA extension is provided in the filename, MapServer will assume it is an ESRI shapefile (.shp)

Raster Layers

LAYER
    NAME bathymetry
    TYPE RASTER
    STATUS DEFAULT
    DATA bath_mapserver.tif
END

See also

Raster Data

Vector Layers

Vector layers of TYPE point, line, or polygon can be displayed. The following example shows how to display only lines from a TYPE polygon layer, using the OUTLINECOLOR parameter:

LAYER
    NAME   "world_poly"
    DATA         'shapefile/countries_area.shp'
    STATUS       ON
    TYPE         POLYGON
    CLASS
        NAME       'The World'
        STYLE
            OUTLINECOLOR    0 0 0
        END
    END
END # layer

See also

Vector Data

Rendered Bluemarble Image

Rendered Bluemarble image with vector boundaries

CLASS and STYLE Objects

  • typical styling information is stored within the CLASS and STYLE objects of a LAYER
  • starting with MapServer 5.0, there is no limit to the number of classes or styles in a mapfile
  • the following example shows how to display a road line with two colors by using overlayed STYLE objects
CLASS
NAME "Primary Roads"
STYLE
    SYMBOL "circle"
    COLOR 178 114 1
    SIZE 15
END #style1
STYLE
    SYMBOL "circle"
    COLOR 254 161 0
    SIZE 7
END #style2
END
Rendered Bluemarble Image

Rendered Bluemarble image with styled roads

SYMBOLs

  • can be defined directly in the mapfile, or in a separate file
  • the separate file method must use the SYMBOLSET parameter in the MAP object:
MAP
    NAME           "sample"
    EXTENT        -180 -90 180 90 # Geographic
    SIZE           800 400
    IMAGECOLOR     128 128 255
    SYMBOLSET      "../etc/symbols.txt"
END

where symbols.txt might contain:

SYMBOL
    NAME "ski"
    TYPE PIXMAP
    IMAGE "ski.gif"
END

and the mapfile would contain:

LAYER
    ...
    CLASS
        NAME "Ski Area"
        STYLE
            SYMBOL "ski"
        END
    END
END # layer
Rendered Bluemarble Image Skier

Rendered Bluemarble image with skier symbol

LABEL

  • defined within a LAYER object
  • the LABELITEM parameters in the LAYER object can be used to label by a specific column in the data refer to a FONTSET file, that is set in the MAP object, that contains a reference to the available font names

An example LABEL object that references one of the above fonts might look like:

LABEL
    FONT "sans-bold"
    TYPE truetype
    SIZE 10
    POSITION LC
    PARTIALS FALSE
    COLOR  100 100 100
    OUTLINECOLOR 242 236 230
END # label
Rendered Bluemarble Image Skier

Rendered Bluemarble image with skier symbol and a label

See also

LABEL, FONTSET

CLASS Expressions

MapServer supports three types of CLASS expressions in a LAYER:

  1. String comparisons

    (EXPRESSION "africa")
  2. Regular expressions

    (EXPRESSION /^9|^10/)
  3. Logical expressions

    ([POPULATION] > 50000 AND '[LANGUAGE]' eq 'FRENCH')

Note

Logical expressions should be avoided wherever possible as they are very costly in terms of drawing time.

See also

Expressions

INCLUDE

Added to MapServer 4.10, any part of the mapfile can now be stored in a separate file and added to the main mapfile using the INCLUDE parameter. The filename to be included can have any extension, and it is always relative to the main .map file. Here are some potential uses:

  • LAYER s can be stored in files and included to any number of applications
  • STYLE s can also be stored and included in multiple applications

The following is an example of using mapfile includes to include a layer definition in a separate file:

If ‘shadedrelief.lay’ contains:

LAYER
    NAME         'shadedrelief'
    STATUS       ON
    TYPE         RASTER
    DATA         'GLOBALeb3colshade.jpg'
END

therefore the main mapfile would contain:

MAP
    ...
    INCLUDE "shadedrelief.lay"
    ...
END

The following is an example of a mapfile where all LAYER s are in separate .lay files, and all other objects (WEB, REFERENCE, SCALEBAR, etc.) are stored in a “.ref” file:

NAME "base"
#
# include reference objects
#
INCLUDE "../templates/template.ref"
#
# Start of layer definitions
#
INCLUDE "../layers/usa/usa_outline.lay"
INCLUDE "../layers/canada/base/1m/provinces.lay"
INCLUDE "../layers/canada/base/1m/roads_atlas_of_canada_1m.lay"
INCLUDE "../layers/canada/base/1m/roads_atlas_of_canada_1m_shields.lay"
INCLUDE "../layers/canada/base/1m/populated_places.lay"
END # Map File

Warning

Mapfiles must end with the .map extension or MapServer will not recognize them. Include files can have any extension you want, however.

See also

INCLUDE

Get MapServer Running

MapServer version 5.2 OUTPUT=GIF OUTPUT=PNG
OUTPUT=JPEG OUTPUT=WBMP SUPPORTS=PROJ SUPPORTS=FREETYPE
SUPPORTS=WMS_SERVER INPUT=SHAPEFILE

You can also send a HTTP request directly to the MapServer CGI program without passing any configuration variables (e.g. http://your.domain.name/cgi-bin/ms4/mapserv.exe). If you receive the message, ‘No query information to decode. QUERY_STRING not set.’, your installation is working.

Get Demo Running

Download the MapServer Demo. UnZip it and follow the directions in ReadMe.txt. You will need to move the demo files to their appropriate locations on your HTTP server, and modify the Map File and html pages to reflect the paths and URLs of your server. Next, point your browser to init.html and hit the ‘initialize button’. If you get errors, verify that you have correctly modified the demo files.

Making the Site Your Own

Now that you have a working MapServer demo, you can use the demo to display your own data. Add new LAYERs to your Map file that refer to your own geographic data layers. (You will probably want to delete the existing layers or set their status to OFF.)

Unless you are adding layers that fall within the same geographic area as the demo, modify MAP EXTENT to match the extent of your data. To determine the extent of your data, you can use ogrinfo. If you have access to a GIS, you could use that as well. The MAP EXTENT needs to be in the units of your output projection.

If you add geographic data layers of different projections, you will need to modify your Map File to add a PROJECTION block to the MAP (output projection ) and each of the LAYER (existing layer projection).

Adding Data to Your Site

MapServer supports several data input formats ‘natively’, and many more if it is compiled with the open source libraries GDAL and OGR.

Vector Data

Vector data includes features made up of points, lines, and polygons. MapServer supports ESRI shapefiles by default, but it can be compiled to support spatially enabled databases such as PostgreSQL-PostGIS, Geography Markup Language (GML), MapInfo, delimited text files, and more formats with OGR.

See the Vector Data reference for examples on how to add different geographic data sources to your MapServer project.

Raster Data

Raster data is image or grid data. By default, MapServer supports Tiff/GeoTiff, and EPPL7. With GDAL, it supports GRASS, Jpeg2000, ArcInfo Grids, and more formats. If you do compile MapServer with GDAL, which includes tiff support, do not compile with native tiff support, as this will cause a conflict. More specific information can be found in the Raster Data reference.

Projections

Because the earth is round and your monitor (or paper map) is flat, distortions will occur when you display geographic data in a two-dimensional image. Projections allow you to represent geographic data on a flat surface. In doing so, some of the original properties (e.g. area, direction, distance, scale or conformity)of the data will be distorted. Different projections excel at accurately portraying different properties. A good primer on map projections can be found at the University of Colorado.

With MapServer, if you keep all of your spatial data sets in the same projection (or unprojected Latitude and Longitude), you do not need to include any projection info in your Map File. In building your first MapServer application, this simplification is recommended.

On-the-fly projection can be accomplished when MapServer is compiled with Proj.4 support. Instructions on how to enable Proj.4 support on Windows can be found on the Wiki.

Enhancing your site

Adding Query Capability

There are two primary ways to query spatial data. Both methods return data through the use of templates and CGI variable replacement. A QUERYMAP can be used to map the results of the query.

To be queryable, each mapfile LAYER must have a TEMPLATE defined, or each CLASS within the LAYER must have a TEMPLATE defined. More information about the CGI variables used to define queries can be found in the MapServer CGI Reference.

Attribute queries

The user selects features based on data associated with that feature. ‘Show me all of the lakes where depth is greater than 100 feet’, with ‘depth’ being a field in the shapefile .dbf or the spatial database. Attribute queries are accomplished by passing query definition information to MapServer in the URL (or form post). Mode=itemquery returns a single result, and mode=itemnquery returns multiple result sets.

The request must also include a QLAYER, which identifies the layer to be queried, and a QSTRING which contains the query string. Optionally, QITEM, can be used in conjunction with QSTRING to define the field to be queried. Attribute queries only apply within the EXTENT set in the map file.

Spatial queries

The user selects features based on a click on the map or a user-defined selection box. Again the request is passed through a URL or form post. By setting mode=QUERY, a user click will return the one closest feature. In mode=NQUERY, all features found by a map click or user-defined selection box are returned. Additional query options can be found in the CGI.

Interfaces

See: OpenLayers http://openlayers.org

Data Optimization

Data organization is at least as important as hardware configuration in optimizing a MapServer application for performance. MapServer is quite efficient at what it does, but by reducing the amount of processing that it needs to do at the time of a user request, you can greatly increase performance. Here are a few rules:

  • Index Your data - By creating spatial indexes for your shapefiles using shptree. Spatial indexes should also be created for spatially aware databases such as PostGIS and Oracle Spatial.
  • Tile Your Data - Ideally, your data will be ‘sliced up’ into pieces about the size in which it will be displayed. There is unnecessary overhead to searching through a large shapefile or image of which you are only going to display a small area. By breaking the data up into tiles and creating a tile index, MapServer only needs to open up and search the data files of interest. Shapefile data can be broken into smaller tiles and then a tileindex shapefile can be created using the tile4ms utility. A tileindex shapefile for raster files can also be created.
  • Pre-Classify Your Data - MapServer allows for the use of quite complex EXPRESSIONs to classify data. However, using logical and regular expressions is more resource intensive than string comparisons. To increase efficiency, you can divide your data into classes ahead of time, create a field to use as the CLASSITEM and populate it with a simple value that identifies the class, such as 1,2,3, or 4 for a four class data set. You can then do a simple string comparison for the class EXPRESSION.
  • Pre-Process Your Images - Do resource intensive processing up front. See the Raster Data reference for more info.
  • Generalize for Overview - create a more simple, generalized data layer to display at small scales, and then use scale-dependent layers utilizing LAYER MINSCALE and LAYER MAXSCALE to show more detailed data layers as the user zooms in. This same concept applies to images.

See also

Optimization

How do I get Help?

Documentation

  • Official MapServer documentation lives here on this site.
  • User contributed documentation exists on the MapServer Wiki.

Users Mailing List

Register and post questions to the MapServer Users listserv. Questions to the list are usually answered quickly and often by the developers themselves. A few things to remember:

  1. Search the archives for your answer first, people get tired of answering the same questions over and over.
  2. Provide version and configuration information for your MapServer installation, and relevant snippets of your map and template files.
  3. Always post your responses back to the whole list, as opposed to just the person who replied to your question.

IRC

MapServer users and developers can be found on Internet Relay Chat. The channel is #mapserver on irc.freenode.net.

Tutorial

Perry Nacionales built a great Tutorial on how to build a MapServer application. You are invited to extend the collection of examples if you see cases that are missing.

Test Suite

Download the MapServer Test Suite for a demonstration of some MapServer functionality.

Books

Web Mapping Illustrated , a new book by Tyler Mitchell that describes well and provides real-world examples for the use of Web mapping concepts, Open Source GIS software, MapServer, Web services, and PostGIS.

Mapping Hacks , by Schuyler Erle, Rich Gibson, and Jo Walsh, creatively demonstrates digital mapping tools and concepts. MapServer only appears in a handful of the 100 hacks, but many more are useful for concepts and inspiration.

Beginning MapServer: Opensource GIS Development , by Bill Kropla, is a new book focusing on MapServer. So new, I haven’t seen it yet. According to the publisher, it covers installation and configuration, basic MapServer topics and features, incorporation of dynamic data, advanced topics, MapScript, and the creation of an actual application.