System Administration Guide: Basic Administration

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August 2006

Abstract

This book is for anyone responsible for administering one or more systems that run the Solaris release. The book covers a broad range of Solaris™ system administration topics such as managing user accounts and groups, managing server and client support, shutting down and booting a system, and managing software (packages and patches).

Topics are described for both SPARC® and x86 based systems, where appropriate.


Table of Contents

About This Book
Who Should Use This Book
How the System Administration Volumes Are Organized
Related Third-Party Web Site References
Documentation, Support, and Training
Typographic Conventions
Shell Prompts in Command Examples
General Conventions
1. Solaris Management Tools (Road Map)
What's New in Solaris Management Tools?
Matrix of Solaris Management Tools and Supported Releases
Feature Descriptions for Solaris Management Tools
Feature Descriptions for Solaris 9 Management Tools
Feature Descriptions for Solaris 8 Management Tools
Availability of Solaris Management Commands
Solaris System Management Commands
Solaris 8 System Management Commands
For More Information About Solaris Management Tools
2. Working With the Solaris Management Console (Tasks)
Solaris Management Console (Overview)
What Is the Solaris Management Console?
Solaris Management Console Tools
Why Use the Solaris Management Console?
Organization of the Solaris Management Console
Changing the Solaris Management Console Window
Solaris Management Console Documentation
How Much Role-Based Access Control?
Becoming Superuser (root) or Assuming a Role
Using the Solaris Management Tools With RBAC (Task Map)
If You Are the First to Log in to the Console
Creating the Primary Administrator Role
Starting the Solaris Management Console
Using the Solaris Management Tools in a Name Service Environment (Task Map)
RBAC Security Files
Prerequisites for Using the Solaris Management Console in a Name Service Environment
Management Scope
/etc/nsswitch.conf File
Adding Tools to the Solaris Management Console
Troubleshooting the Solaris Management Console
3. Working With the Sun Java Web Console (Tasks)
What's New in Administering the Java Web Console?
Java Web Console Server Management
Applications That Are Available to the Java Web Console
Java Web Console (Overview)
What Is the Java Web Console?
Java Web Console Management Commands
Supported Web Browsers
Getting Started With the Java Web Console (Task Map)
Getting Started With the Java Web Console
Managing the Console Service
Configuring the Java Web Console
Java Web Console User Identity
Using the Console Debug Trace Log
Installing the Java Web Console Software
Troubleshooting the Java Web Console Software (Task Map)
Troubleshooting the Java Web Console Software
Checking Console Status and Properties
Problems Accessing the Console
Problems with Application Registration
Java Web Console Reference Information
Java Web Console Security Considerations
Specifying Authorizations With the authTypes Tag
Enabling Remote Access to the Java Web Console
Changing Internal Passwords for Java Web Console
4. Managing User Accounts and Groups (Overview)
What's New in Managing Users and Groups?
useradd Default Shell Enhancements
Tools for User Account and Group Account Management
What Are User Accounts and Groups?
User Account Components
Guidelines for Using User Names, User IDs, and Group IDs
Where User Account and Group Information Is Stored
Fields in the passwd File
Default passwd File
Fields in the shadow File
Fields in the group File
Default group File
Tools for Managing User Accounts and Groups
Tasks for Solaris User and Group Management Tools
Managing Users and Resources With Projects
Customizing a User's Work Environment
Using Site Initialization Files
Avoiding Local System References
Shell Features
Shell Environment
The PATH Variable
Locale Variables
Default File Permissions (umask)
Examples of User and Site Initialization Files
5. Managing User Accounts and Groups (Tasks)
Setting Up User Accounts (Task Map)
How to Gather User Information
How to Add Groups and Users With Command-Line Tools
Setting Up Home Directories With the Solaris Management Console
Maintaining User Accounts (Task Map)
Modifying User Accounts
Administering Passwords
Using Password Aging
6. Managing Client-Server Support (Overview)
What's New in Managing Client-Server Support?
nfs4_domain Keyword Impacts Diskless Client Boot
Diskless Client Changes in the GRUB Boot Environment
Changes to the smdiskless Command
Where to Find Client-Server Tasks
What Are Servers, Clients, and Appliances?
What Does Client Support Mean?
Overview of System Types
Description of a Server
Stand-Alone Systems
Diskless Clients
Description of an Appliance
Guidelines for Choosing System Types
Diskless Client Management Overview
OS Server and Diskless Client Support Information
Diskless Client Management Features
Disk Space Requirements for OS Servers
7. Managing Diskless Clients (Tasks)
Managing Diskless Clients (Task Map)
Preparing for Managing Diskless Clients
Patching Diskless Client OS Services
Displaying OS Patches for Diskless Clients
Troubleshooting Diskless Client Problems
Troubleshooting Diskless Client Installation Problems
Troubleshooting General Diskless Client Problems
8. Shutting Down and Booting a System (Overview)
What's New in Shutting Down and Booting a System
Changes to GRUB Failsafe Interaction
GRUB Based Booting
Where to Find Shut Down and Boot Tasks
Shut Down and Boot Terminology
Guidelines for Shutting Down a System
Guidelines for Booting a System
When to Shut Down a System
When to Boot a System
Booting a System From the Network
Systems Booting From PXE, CD, or DVD Now Boot Automatically
PXE Network Boot
Support for 64-Bit Computing
Setting the boot-file Parameter With the eeprom Command
Booting a System With the Kernel Debugger (kmdb)
9. Shutting Down a System (Tasks)
Shutting Down the System (Task Map)
Shutting Down the System
System Shutdown Commands
User Notification of System Down Time
Turning Off Power to All Devices
10. Booting a System (Tasks)
Booting a System (Task Map)
Using the Boot PROM
How to Reset the System
Booting a SPARC Based System
Forcing a Crash Dump and Rebooting the System
11. GRUB Based Booting (Tasks)
What's New or Changed in GRUB Based Booting?
GRUB Based Booting (Overview)
How GRUB Based Booting Works
Changes to the Solaris OS Installation Process
GRUB Device Naming Conventions
Functional Components of GRUB
GRUB Menu
Modifying Boot Behavior in the Solaris OS
GRUB Based Disk Boot
GRUB Based Booting From the Network
GRUB Terminology
GRUB Based Booting (Task Map)
Booting a System in the GRUB Based Boot Environment
Modifying the Solaris Boot Behavior by Editing the GRUB Menu
Using the kernel Command
Performing a GRUB Based Boot From the Network
About DHCP Macros
Forcing a Crash Dump and Reboot of the System
The GRUB Based Boot Process (Reference)
System BIOS in the GRUB Boot Environment
Boot Subsystem in the GRUB Boot Environment
Solaris Kernel Initialization Process in the GRUB Boot Environment
How Multiple Operating Systems Are Supported in the GRUB Boot Environment
Management of the GRUB Boot Archive
GRUB Boot Archives
12. Booting a System (Tasks)
Booting a System (Task Map)
Booting an x86 Based System
Booting From the Network
Using the Device Configuration Assistant
Forcing a Crash Dump and Reboot of the System
Troubleshooting a Failed 64-Bit Boot
13. The Boot Process (Reference)
The Boot PROM
The Boot Process
The System BIOS
Boot Subsystems
Booting the Solaris Release
Screens Displayed During the Device Identification Phase
Menus Displayed During the Boot Phase
Boot Process
Boot Files
14. Managing Services (Overview)
Introduction to SMF
Changes in Behavior When Using SMF
SMF Concepts
SMF Service
Service Identifiers
Service States
SMF Manifests
SMF Profiles
Service Configuration Repository
SMF Repository Backups
SMF Snapshots
SMF Administrative and Programming Interfaces
SMF Command-Line Administrative Utilities
Service Management Configuration Library Interfaces
SMF Components
SMF Master Restarter Daemon
SMF Delegated Restarters
SMF and Booting
SMF Compatibility
Run Levels
Determining a System's Run Level
/etc/inittab File
What Happens When the System Is Brought to Run Level 3
Run Control Scripts
Run Control Script Summaries
15. Managing Services (Tasks)
Managing SMF Services (Task Map)
Monitoring SMF Services
Managing SMF Services
Using RBAC Rights Profiles With SMF
Configuring SMF Services
Using Run Control Scripts (Task Map)
Using Run Control Scripts
Troubleshooting the Service Management Facility
16. Managing Software (Overview)
What's New in Software Management in the Solaris Operating System?
Sun Update Connection Product Supports Patch Management From a Global Zone on Systems With Non-Global Zones Installed
Common Agent Container Included in Solaris 10 6/06 OS
Sun Update Connection, System Edition 1.0
Basic Registration Tool
Improvements to How patchadd M Command Handles Multiple Patches
Package and Patch Tool Enhancements
Sun Patch Manager Enhancements
Where to Find Software Management Tasks
Overview of Software Packages
Signed Packages, Patches, and Updates
Tools for Managing Software Packages
Adding or Removing a Software Package (pkgadd)
Key Points for Adding Software Packages (pkgadd)
Guidelines for Removing Packages (pkgrm)
Avoiding User Interaction When Adding Packages (pkgadd)
Using an Administration File
Using a Response File (pkgadd)
17. Registering Your Solaris Software (Tasks)
Solaris Software Registration (Overview)
What Is Sun Update Connection?
Solaris Software Registration (Task Map)
Before You Get Started
Sun Online Account
Sun Service Plan
Register Your Software With the Solaris Registration Wizard
18. Registering Your Solaris Express 3/06 or 10/05 Software (Tasks)
Solaris Software Registration (Overview)
What Is Sun Update Connection, System Edition?
Solaris Software Registration (Task Map)
What Is a Sun Online Account?
What Is a Subscription Key or Service Plan Number?
Registering Your Solaris Software With the Registration Wizard
Registering Your Solaris Software by Using an Automatic Registration Profile
Registering Your Solaris Software Later
Registering Your Solaris Software With the CLI (Task Map)
Registering Your Solaris Software With the CLI
Solaris Software CLI Registration Subcommand Options
Disabling the Solaris Registration (Task Map)
Disabling the Solaris Registration
19. Managing Software With Solaris System Administration Tools (Tasks)
Solaris Product Registry and Solaris GUI Installation Tools for Managing Software
Adding Software With the Solaris Installation GUI
Managing Software With the Solaris Product Registry GUI (Task Map)
Managing Software With the Solaris Product Registry Command-Line Interface (Task Map)
Managing Software With the Solaris Product Registry Command-Line Interface
20. Managing Software by Using Package Commands (Tasks)
Adding and Removing Signed Packages by Using the pkgadd Command (Task Map)
Adding and Removing Signed Packages by Using the pkgadd Command
Managing Software Packages by Using Package Commands (Task Map)
Using Package Commands to Manage Software Packages
Adding a Software Package to a Spool Directory
Removing Software Packages
21. Managing Solaris Patches and Updates (Overview)
Types of Patches
Signed and Unsigned Patches
Accessing Solaris Patches
Solaris Patch Numbering
Tools for Managing Solaris Patches and Updates
Managing Solaris Patches
Selecting the Best Method for Applying Patches and Updates
Managing Patches in the Solaris Operating System (Road Map)
Determining Whether to Apply Signed or Unsigned Patches to Your System
Solaris Patch Management Terms and Definitions
22. Managing Solaris Patches by Using Sun Patch Manager (Tasks)
Patch Manager Features
PatchPro Analysis Engine
Local-Mode Command-Line Interface
Single-User Mode Operations in Local Mode
Patch List Operations
Sun Patch Manager Concepts
Patch Management Process
Specifying the Source of Patches
Customizing the Policy for Applying Patches
Setting Patch Manager Configuration Parameters
Getting Started With Patch Manager
Tasks Supported by Sun Patch Manager
Managing Solaris Patches by Using the Sun Patch Manager Command-Line Interface (Task Map)
Accessing the Sun Patch Manager Command-Line Interface
Configuring Your Patch Management Environment by Using the Command-Line Interface (Task Map)
Managing Patches by Using the Command-Line Interface (Task Map)
Tuning Your Patch Management Environment by Using the Command-Line Interface (Task Map)
Patch Manager Troubleshooting
Patch Manager General Errors
23. Managing Solaris Patches by Using the patchadd Command (Tasks)
Managing Solaris Patches by Using the patchadd Command (Task Map)
A. SMF Services
Index

List of Figures

2.1. Solaris Management Console – Users Tool
3.1. Java Web Console Login Page
19.1. Solaris Product Registry Main Window

List of Tables

1. Typographic Conventions
2. Shell Prompts
1.1. New or Changed Solaris Management Tools in the Solaris Express Release
1.2. Matrix of Solaris Management Tool Support
1.3. Matrix of Solaris Management Tool Support in the Solaris 8 Release
1.4. Descriptions for Solaris Management Tools
1.5. Feature Descriptions for Solaris 9 Management Tools
1.6. Feature Descriptions for Solaris 8 Management Tools
1.7. Descriptions for Solaris Management Commands
1.8. RBAC Command Descriptions
1.9. Solaris User/Group Command Descriptions
1.10. For More Information About Solaris Management Tools
2.1. Solaris Management Console Tool Suite
2.2. Field Descriptions for Adding a Role by Using the Solaris Management Console
2.3. RBAC Security Files
3.1. Nested authTypes Tags
4.1. Tools for User Account and Group Management
4.2. Reserved UID Numbers
4.3. Interoperability Issues for UIDs or GIDs Over 60000
4.4. Large UID or GID Limitation Summary
4.5. Fields in the passwd File
4.6. Default passwd File Entries
4.7. Fields in the shadow File
4.8. Fields in the group File
4.9. Default group File Entries
4.10. Tools for Managing Users and Groups
4.11. Task Descriptions for User Accounts Tool
4.12. Task Descriptions for Rights Tool
4.13. Task Descriptions for Administrative Roles Tool
4.14. Task Descriptions for Groups Tool
4.15. Task Descriptions for Mailing Lists Tool
4.16. Task Descriptions for Projects Tool
4.17. User Initialization Files for Bourne, C, and Korn Shells
4.18. Default User Initialization Files
4.19. Files Created by Users Tool When Adding a User
4.20. Basic Features of Bourne, C, and Korn Shells
4.21. Setting Environment Variables in a User Initialization File
4.22. Shell and Environment Variable Descriptions
4.23. Values for LANG and LC Variables
4.24. Permissions for umask Values
6.1. Characteristics of System Types
6.2. Comparison of System Types
6.3. OS Client-Server Support
6.4. Diskless Client Commands
6.5. Required RBAC Rights for Diskless Client Management
6.6. Disk Space Requirements for Solaris OS Servers
8.1. Shutting Down a System
8.2. Booting a System
9.1. Shutdown Commands
11.1. Naming Conventions for GRUB Devices
11.2. Sample GRUB Menu Configuration
13.1. Description of the Boot Process
13.2. Boot Subsystems
13.3. Description of the Boot Process
13.4. Boot Files
14.1. Service Management Facility Utilities
14.2. Solaris Run Levels
14.3. Solaris Run Levels and SMF Milestones
14.4. Fields Descriptions for the inittab File
14.5. Run Level 3 Action Keyword Descriptions
14.6. Command Descriptions for Run Level 3
16.1. Tools or Commands for Managing Software Packages
19.1. System Administration Tools for Managing Software Packages
A.1. SMF Services

List of Examples

3.1. Changing the Java Web Console's Session Timeout Property
3.2. Configuring the Java Web Console Logging Level
3.3. Resetting the Java Web Console Logging Level to the Default Value
3.4. Specifying a Java Version for the Java Web Console
3.5. Choosing an Auditing Implementation for the Java Web Console
3.6. Setting the Console Debug Trace Log Level
3.7. Checking the Status of the debug.trace.level Property
3.8. Installing the Java Web Console Software
3.9. Removing the Java Web Console Software
3.10. Registering a Legacy Application
3.11. Unregistering a Legacy Application From the Java Web Console
3.12. Registering Current Applications
4.1. Setting the Locale Using the LANG Variables
4.2. The .profile File
4.3. The .cshrc File
4.4. Site Initialization File
5.1. Customizing User Initialization Files
5.2. Sharing a User's Home Directory
5.3. Mounting a User's Home Directory
7.1. Adding an OS Service for Diskless Client Support
7.2. Adding an OS Service for Diskless Client Support
7.3. Adding Diskless Client Support to an x86 Based System in the GRUB Boot Environment
7.4. Adding the BootSrvA and BootFile DHCP Options to the DHCP Server Configuration
7.5. Adding Diskless Client Support to a SPARC Based System
7.6. Adding Diskless Client Support to an x86 Based System in the Solaris 10 OS
7.7. Removing Diskless Client Support
7.8. Removing OS Services for Diskless Clients
7.9. Adding an OS Patch for a Diskless Client
7.10. Locating and Installing Missing ARCH=allPackages
9.1. Determining Who Is Logged in to a System
9.2. Bringing a Server to Run Level S
9.3. Bringing a Server to Run Level 0
9.4. Rebooting a Server to Run Level 3
9.5. Bringing a Stand-Alone System to Run Level 0
9.6. Bringing a Stand-Alone System to Run Level S
10.1. Identifying the Devices on a System
10.2. Changing the Default Boot Device
10.3. Booting a System to Run Level 3 (Multiuser Level)
10.4. Booting a System to Run Level S (Single-User Level)
10.5. Booting a System Interactively
10.6. Stopping the System for Recovery Purposes
10.7. Booting a System for Recovery Purposes (Damaged Password File)
10.8. Booting a System if You Forgot the root Password
10.9. Forcing a Crash Dump and Reboot of the System by Using the halt d Command
10.10. Booting the System With the Kernel Debugger (kmdb)
11.1. Booting a System to Run Level 3 (Multiuser Level) in the Solaris OS
11.2. Booting a System to Run Level S (Single-User Level)
11.3. Booting a System Interactively
11.4. Setting boot-file Parameters by Using the eeprom Command
11.5. Setting the Console Destination, Mode, and Speed by Using the eeprom Command.
11.6. Modifying the Solaris Boot Behavior in the GRUB Menu
11.7. Booting the Failsafe Archive to Repair a Critical System Resource
11.8. Booting the Failsafe Archive to Forcibly Update a Corrupt Boot Archive
11.9. Booting a System With the Kernel Debugger in the GRUB Based Boot Environment
11.10. Forcing a Crash Dump and Reboot of the System by Using halt d
12.1. Booting a System to Run Level 3 (Multiuser Level)
12.2. Manually Booting a System That Has 64-Bit Computing Capabilities in 64-Bit Mode to Run Level 3 (Multiuser Level)
12.3. Manually Booting a System That Has 64-Bit Computing Capabilities in 32-Bit Mode to Run Level 3 (Multiuser Level)
12.4. Booting a System to Run Level S (Single-User Level)
12.5. Booting a System Interactively
12.6. Solaris 10: Booting a System for Recovery Purposes
12.7. Booting a System With the Kernel Debugger (kmdb)
12.8. Manually Booting a System That Has 64-Bit Computing Capabilities to 64-Bit Mode With the Kernel Debugger (kmdb)
12.9. Manually Booting a System That Has 64-Bit Computing Capabilities to 32-Bit Mode With the Kernel Debugger (kmdb)
12.10. Forcing a Crash Dump and Reboot of the System by Using halt d
14.1. Determining a System's Run Level
14.2. Default inittab File
15.1. Showing the Status of the rlogin Service
15.2. Showing the Status of the sendmail Service
15.3. Showing the Status of all Services
15.4. Showing the Status of Services Controlled by inetd
15.5. Displaying the Service Instances That Are Dependent on the Multiuser Milestone
15.6. Displaying the Service Instances That the Multiuser Milestone Is Dependent On
15.7. Disabling the rlogin Service
15.8. Enabling the rlogin Service
15.9. Enabling a Service in Single-user Mode
15.10. Limiting Network Service Exposure
15.11. Sharing an NFS File System
15.12. Changing the tcp_trace Property for telnet
15.13. Adding the Connection Logging ( l) Option to the ftp Command
15.14. Converting /etc/inet/inetd.conf Entries into SMF Service Manifests
15.15. Using a Run Control Script to Stop or Start a Service
15.16. Adding a Run Control Script
15.17. Disabling a Run Control Script
15.18. Forcing an sulogin Prompt Using Jumpstart
18.1. RegistrationProfile.properties File
18.2. CLI Command to Register Your Solaris Software Using Your Default Options
18.3. CLI Command to Register Your Solaris Software Using a Registration Subcommand Option to Override a Default Option
18.4. CLI Command to Register Your Solaris Software Using a Network Proxy Subcommand Option to Override a Default Option
19.1. Viewing Software Information by Component Name (prodreg)
19.2. Viewing Software Information by Component Browse Number (prodreg)
19.3. Viewing Software Information by Component UUID (prodreg)
19.4. Viewing Software Attributes by Component Name (prodreg)
19.5. Viewing Software Attributes by Component Browse Number (prodreg)
19.6. Viewing Software Attributes by Component UUID (prodreg)
19.7. Viewing Components That Depend on Other Software Products (prodreg)
19.8. Identifying Damaged Software Components (prodreg)
19.9. Example—Uninstalling Software Components (prodreg)
19.10. Uninstalling Damaged Software (prodreg)
19.11. Reinstalling Damaged Software Components (prodreg)
20.1. Importing a Trusted Certificate From the Java Keystore
20.2. Displaying Certificate Information
20.3. Removing a Certificate
20.4. Adding a Signed Package
20.5. Adding Software Packages From a Mounted CD
20.6. Installing Software Packages From a Remote Package Server
20.7. Installing Software Packages From a Remote Package Server by Specifying an Administration File
20.8. Installing Software Packages From an HTTP URL
20.9. Setting Up a Spool Directory From a Mounted CD
20.10. Setting Up a Spool Directory From a Remote Software Package Server
20.11. Installing Software Packages From the Default Spool Directory
20.12. Listing Installed Packages
20.13. Displaying Detailed Information About Software Packages
20.14. Checking the Contents of Installed Software Packages
20.15. Checking the File Attributes of Installed Software Packages
20.16. Checking Software Packages Installed in a Spool Directory
20.17. Checking the Integrity of an Installed Object by Specifying a Full Path Name
20.18. Checking the Integrity of an Installed Object by Specifying a Partial Path Name
20.19. Removing Software Packages
20.20. Removing a Spooled Software Package
22.1. Accessing the Sun Patch Manager Command-Line Interface
22.2. Specifying the Source of Patches
22.3. Analyzing Your System to Obtain the List of Patches to Apply
22.4. Updating Your System With Patches
22.5. Applying Patches to Your System
22.6. Resolving a List of Patches
22.7. Using luupgrade to Apply a List of Patches to an Inactive Boot Environment
22.8. Viewing Configuration Settings for Your Patch Management Environment
22.9. Changing the Policy for Applying Patches
22.10. Resetting Configuration Parameters to the Default Values