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Configure Linux iptables Firewall for MongoDB¶
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On contemporary Linux systems, the iptables program provides methods for managing the Linux Kernel’s netfilter or network packet filtering capabilities. These firewall rules make it possible for administrators to control what hosts can connect to the system, and limit risk exposure by limiting the hosts that can connect to a system.
This document outlines basic firewall configurations for iptables firewalls on Linux. Use these approaches as a starting point for your larger networking organization. For a detailed overview of security practices and risk management for MongoDB, see Security.
See also
For MongoDB deployments on Amazon’s web services, see the Amazon EC2 page, which addresses Amazon’s Security Groups and other EC2-specific security features.
Overview¶
Rules in iptables configurations fall into chains, which describe the process for filtering and processing specific streams of traffic. Chains have an order, and packets must pass through earlier rules in a chain to reach later rules. This document addresses only the following two chains:
- INPUT
- Controls all incoming traffic.
- OUTPUT
- Controls all outgoing traffic.
Given the default ports of all MongoDB processes, you must configure networking rules that permit only required communication between your application and the appropriate mongod and mongos instances.
Be aware that, by default, the default policy of iptables is to allow all connections and traffic unless explicitly disabled. The configuration changes outlined in this document will create rules that explicitly allow traffic from specific addresses and on specific ports, using a default policy that drops all traffic that is not explicitly allowed. When you have properly configured your iptables rules to allow only the traffic that you want to permit, you can Change Default Policy to DROP.
Patterns¶
This section contains a number of patterns and examples for configuring iptables for use with MongoDB deployments. If you have configured different ports using the port configuration setting, you will need to modify the rules accordingly.
Traffic to and from mongod Instances¶
This pattern is applicable to all mongod instances running as standalone instances or as part of a replica set.
The goal of this pattern is to explicitly allow traffic to the mongod instance from the application server. In the following examples, replace <ip-address> with the IP address of the application server:
iptables -A INPUT -s <ip-address> -p tcp --destination-port 27017 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
iptables -A OUTPUT -d <ip-address> -p tcp --source-port 27017 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
The first rule allows all incoming traffic from <ip-address> on port 27017, which allows the application server to connect to the mongod instance. The second rule, allows outgoing traffic from the mongod to reach the application server.
Optional
If you have only one application server, you can replace <ip-address> with either the IP address itself, such as: 198.51.100.55. You can also express this using CIDR notation as 198.51.100.55/32. If you want to permit a larger block of possible IP addresses you can allow traffic from a /24 using one of the following specifications for the <ip-address>, as follows:
10.10.10.10/24
10.10.10.10/255.255.255.0
Traffic to and from mongos Instances¶
mongos instances provide query routing for sharded clusters. Clients connect to mongos instances, which behave from the client’s perspective as mongod instances. In turn, the mongos connects to all mongod instances that are components of the sharded cluster.
Use the same iptables command to allow traffic to and from these instances as you would from the mongod instances that are members of the replica set. Take the configuration outlined in the Traffic to and from mongod Instances section as an example.
Traffic to and from a MongoDB Config Server¶
Config servers, host the config database that stores metadata for sharded clusters. Each production cluster has three config servers, initiated using the mongod --configsvr option. [1] Config servers listen for connections on port 27019. As a result, add the following iptables rules to the config server to allow incoming and outgoing connection on port 27019, for connection to the other config servers.
iptables -A INPUT -s <ip-address> -p tcp --destination-port 27019 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
iptables -A OUTPUT -d <ip-address> -p tcp --source-port 27019 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
Replace <ip-address> with the address or address space of all the mongod that provide config servers.
Additionally, config servers need to allow incoming connections from all of the mongos instances in the cluster and all mongod instances in the cluster. Add rules that resemble the following:
iptables -A INPUT -s <ip-address> -p tcp --destination-port 27019 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
Replace <ip-address> with the address of the mongos instances and the shard mongod instances.
| [1] | You also can run a config server by using the configsvr value for the clusterRole setting in a configuration file. |
Traffic to and from a MongoDB Shard Server¶
For shard servers, running as mongod --shardsvr [2] Because the default port number is 27018 when running with the shardsvr value for the clusterRole setting, you must configure the following iptables rules to allow traffic to and from each shard:
iptables -A INPUT -s <ip-address> -p tcp --destination-port 27018 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
iptables -A OUTPUT -d <ip-address> -p tcp --source-port 27018 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
Replace the <ip-address> specification with the IP address of all mongod. This allows you to permit incoming and outgoing traffic between all shards including constituent replica set members, to:
Furthermore, shards need to be able make outgoing connections to:
- all mongod instances in the config servers.
Create a rule that resembles the following, and replace the <ip-address> with the address of the config servers and the mongos instances:
iptables -A OUTPUT -d <ip-address> -p tcp --source-port 27018 -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
| [2] | You can also specify the shard server option with the shardsvr value for the clusterRole setting in the configuration file. Shard members are also often conventional replica sets using the default port. |
| [3] | All shards in a cluster need to be able to communicate with all other shards to facilitate chunk and balancing operations. |
Provide Access For Monitoring Systems¶
The mongostat diagnostic tool, when running with the --discover needs to be able to reach all components of a cluster, including the config servers, the shard servers, and the mongos instances.
If your monitoring system needs access the HTTP interface, insert the following rule to the chain:
iptables -A INPUT -s <ip-address> -p tcp --destination-port 28017 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPTReplace <ip-address> with the address of the instance that needs access to the HTTP or REST interface. For all deployments, you should restrict access to this port to only the monitoring instance.
Optional
For config server mongod instances running with the shardsvr value for the clusterRole setting, the rule would resemble the following:
iptables -A INPUT -s <ip-address> -p tcp --destination-port 28018 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPTFor config server mongod instances running with the configsvr value for the clusterRole setting, the rule would resemble the following:
iptables -A INPUT -s <ip-address> -p tcp --destination-port 28019 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
Change Default Policy to DROP¶
The default policy for iptables chains is to allow all traffic. After completing all iptables configuration changes, you must change the default policy to DROP so that all traffic that isn’t explicitly allowed as above will not be able to reach components of the MongoDB deployment. Issue the following commands to change this policy:
iptables -P INPUT DROP
iptables -P OUTPUT DROP
Manage and Maintain iptables Configuration¶
This section contains a number of basic operations for managing and using iptables. There are various front end tools that automate some aspects of iptables configuration, but at the core all iptables front ends provide the same basic functionality:
Make all iptables Rules Persistent¶
By default all iptables rules are only stored in memory. When your system restarts, your firewall rules will revert to their defaults. When you have tested a rule set and have guaranteed that it effectively controls traffic you can use the following operations to you should make the rule set persistent.
On Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Fedora Linux, and related distributions you can issue the following command:
service iptables save
On Debian, Ubuntu, and related distributions, you can use the following command to dump the iptables rules to the /etc/iptables.conf file:
iptables-save > /etc/iptables.conf
Run the following operation to restore the network rules:
iptables-restore < /etc/iptables.conf
Place this command in your rc.local file, or in the /etc/network/if-up.d/iptables file with other similar operations.
List all iptables Rules¶
To list all of currently applied iptables rules, use the following operation at the system shell.
iptables -L
Flush all iptables Rules¶
If you make a configuration mistake when entering iptables rules or simply need to revert to the default rule set, you can use the following operation at the system shell to flush all rules:
iptables -F
If you’ve already made your iptables rules persistent, you will need to repeat the appropriate procedure in the Make all iptables Rules Persistent section.
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