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Type | Label | Description |
---|---|---|
Statement | ||
Theorem | isf34lem7 9201* | Lemma for isfin3-4 9204. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 7-Nov-2014.) |
FinIII | ||
Theorem | isf34lem6 9202* | Lemma for isfin3-4 9204. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 7-Nov-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2015.) |
FinIII | ||
Theorem | fin34i 9203* | Inference from isfin3-4 9204. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2015.) |
FinIII | ||
Theorem | isfin3-4 9204* | Weakly Dedekind-infinite sets are exactly those with an -indexed ascending chain of subsets. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 7-Nov-2014.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2015.) |
FinIII | ||
Theorem | fin11a 9205 | Every I-finite set is Ia-finite. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 30-Oct-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2015.) |
FinIa | ||
Theorem | enfin1ai 9206 | Ia-finiteness is a cardinal property. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 18-May-2015.) |
FinIa FinIa | ||
Theorem | isfin1-2 9207 | A set is finite in the usual sense iff the power set of its power set is Dedekind finite. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 3-Nov-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2015.) |
FinIV | ||
Theorem | isfin1-3 9208 | A set is I-finite iff every system of subsets contains a maximal subset. Definition I of [Levy58] p. 2. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 4-Nov-2014.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2015.) |
[] | ||
Theorem | isfin1-4 9209 | A set is I-finite iff every system of subsets contains a minimal subset. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 4-Nov-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2015.) |
[] | ||
Theorem | dffin1-5 9210 | Compact quantifier-free version of the standard definition df-fin 7959. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 6-Jan-2015.) |
Theorem | fin23 9211 |
Every II-finite set (every chain of subsets has a maximal element) is
III-finite (has no denumerable collection of subsets). The proof here
is the only one I could find, from
http://matwbn.icm.edu.pl/ksiazki/fm/fm6/fm619.pdf
p.94 (writeup by
Tarski, credited to Kuratowski). Translated into English and modern
notation, the proof proceeds as follows (variables renamed for
uniqueness):
Suppose for a contradiction that is a set which is II-finite but not III-finite. For any countable sequence of distinct subsets of , we can form a decreasing sequence of nonempty subsets by taking finite intersections of initial segments of while skipping over any element of which would cause the intersection to be empty. By II-finiteness (as fin2i2 9140) this sequence contains its intersection, call it ; since by induction every subset in the sequence is nonempty, the intersection must be nonempty. Suppose that an element of has nonempty intersection with . Thus, said element has a nonempty intersection with the corresponding element of , therefore it was used in the construction of and all further elements of are subsets of , thus contains the . That is, all elements of either contain or are disjoint from it. Since there are only two cases, there must exist an infinite subset of which uniformly either contain or are disjoint from it. In the former case we can create an infinite set by subtracting from each element. In either case, call the result ; this is an infinite set of subsets of , each of which is disjoint from and contained in the union of ; the union of is strictly contained in the union of , because only the latter is a superset of the nonempty set . The preceding four steps may be iterated a countable number of times starting from the assumed denumerable set of subsets to produce a denumerable sequence of the sets from each stage. Great caution is required to avoid ax-dc 9268 here; in particular an effective version of the pigeonhole principle (for aleph-null pigeons and 2 holes) is required. Since a denumerable set of subsets is assumed to exist, we can conclude without the axiom. This sequence is strictly decreasing, thus it has no minimum, contradicting the first assumption. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 2-Nov-2014.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2015.) |
FinII FinIII | ||
Theorem | fin34 9212 | Every III-finite set is IV-finite. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 30-Oct-2014.) |
FinIII FinIV | ||
Theorem | isfin5-2 9213 | Alternate definition of V-finite which emphasizes the idempotent behavior of V-infinite sets. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 30-Oct-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2015.) |
FinV | ||
Theorem | fin45 9214 | Every IV-finite set is V-finite: if we can pack two copies of the set into itself, we can certainly leave space. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 30-Oct-2014.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 18-May-2015.) |
FinIV FinV | ||
Theorem | fin56 9215 | Every V-finite set is VI-finite because multiplication dominates addition for cardinals. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 29-Oct-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2015.) |
FinV FinVI | ||
Theorem | fin17 9216 | Every I-finite set is VII-finite. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2015.) |
FinVII | ||
Theorem | fin67 9217 | Every VI-finite set is VII-finite. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 29-Oct-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2015.) |
FinVI FinVII | ||
Theorem | isfin7-2 9218 | A set is VII-finite iff it is non-well-orderable or finite. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2015.) |
FinVII | ||
Theorem | fin71num 9219 | A well-orderable set is VII-finite iff it is I-finite. Thus, even without choice, on the class of well-orderable sets all eight definitions of finite set coincide. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 18-May-2015.) |
FinVII | ||
Theorem | dffin7-2 9220 | Class form of isfin7-2 9218. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2015.) |
FinVII | ||
Theorem | dfacfin7 9221 | Axiom of Choice equivalent: the VII-finite sets are the same as I-finite sets. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 18-May-2015.) |
CHOICE FinVII | ||
Theorem | fin1a2lem1 9222 | Lemma for fin1a2 9237. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 7-Nov-2014.) |
Theorem | fin1a2lem2 9223 | Lemma for fin1a2 9237. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 7-Nov-2014.) |
Theorem | fin1a2lem3 9224 | Lemma for fin1a2 9237. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 7-Nov-2014.) |
Theorem | fin1a2lem4 9225 | Lemma for fin1a2 9237. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 7-Nov-2014.) |
Theorem | fin1a2lem5 9226 | Lemma for fin1a2 9237. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 7-Nov-2014.) |
Theorem | fin1a2lem6 9227 | Lemma for fin1a2 9237. Establish that can be broken into two equipollent pieces. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 7-Nov-2014.) |
Theorem | fin1a2lem7 9228* | Lemma for fin1a2 9237. Split a III-infinite set in two pieces. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 7-Nov-2014.) |
FinIII FinIII FinIII | ||
Theorem | fin1a2lem8 9229* | Lemma for fin1a2 9237. Split a III-infinite set in two pieces. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 7-Nov-2014.) |
FinIII FinIII FinIII | ||
Theorem | fin1a2lem9 9230* | Lemma for fin1a2 9237. In a chain of finite sets, initial segments are finite. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 8-Nov-2014.) |
[] | ||
Theorem | fin1a2lem10 9231 | Lemma for fin1a2 9237. A nonempty finite union of members of a chain is a member of the chain. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 8-Nov-2014.) |
[] | ||
Theorem | fin1a2lem11 9232* | Lemma for fin1a2 9237. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 8-Nov-2014.) |
[] | ||
Theorem | fin1a2lem12 9233 | Lemma for fin1a2 9237. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 8-Nov-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2015.) |
[] FinIII | ||
Theorem | fin1a2lem13 9234 | Lemma for fin1a2 9237. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 8-Nov-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2015.) |
[] FinII | ||
Theorem | fin12 9235 | Weak theorem which skips Ia but has a trivial proof, needed to prove fin1a2 9237. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 8-Nov-2014.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2015.) |
FinII | ||
Theorem | fin1a2s 9236* | An II-infinite set can have an I-infinite part broken off and remain II-infinite. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 8-Nov-2014.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2015.) |
FinII FinII | ||
Theorem | fin1a2 9237 | Every Ia-finite set is II-finite. Theorem 1 of [Levy58], p. 3. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 8-Nov-2014.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2015.) |
FinIa FinII | ||
Theorem | itunifval 9238* | Function value of iterated unions. EDITORIAL: The iterated unions and order types of ordered sets are split out here because they could conceivably be independently useful. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 11-Feb-2015.) |
Theorem | itunifn 9239* | Functionality of the iterated union. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 11-Feb-2015.) |
Theorem | ituni0 9240* | A zero-fold iterated union. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 11-Feb-2015.) |
Theorem | itunisuc 9241* | Successor iterated union. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 11-Feb-2015.) |
Theorem | itunitc1 9242* | Each union iterate is a member of the transitive closure. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 11-Feb-2015.) |
Theorem | itunitc 9243* | The union of all union iterates creates the transitive closure; compare trcl 8604. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 11-Feb-2015.) |
Theorem | ituniiun 9244* | Unwrap an iterated union from the "other end". (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 11-Feb-2015.) |
Theorem | hsmexlem7 9245* | Lemma for hsmex 9254. Properties of the recurrent sequence of ordinals. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 14-Feb-2015.) |
har har har | ||
Theorem | hsmexlem8 9246* | Lemma for hsmex 9254. Properties of the recurrent sequence of ordinals. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 14-Feb-2015.) |
har har har | ||
Theorem | hsmexlem9 9247* | Lemma for hsmex 9254. Properties of the recurrent sequence of ordinals. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 14-Feb-2015.) |
har har | ||
Theorem | hsmexlem1 9248 | Lemma for hsmex 9254. Bound the order type of a limited-cardinality set of ordinals. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 14-Feb-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Jun-2015.) |
OrdIso * har | ||
Theorem | hsmexlem2 9249* | Lemma for hsmex 9254. Bound the order type of a union of sets of ordinals, each of limited order type. Vaguely reminiscent of unictb 9397 but use of order types allows to canonically choose the sub-bijections, removing the choice requirement. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 14-Feb-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Jun-2015.) (Revised by AV, 18-Sep-2021.) |
OrdIso OrdIso har | ||
Theorem | hsmexlem3 9250* | Lemma for hsmex 9254. Clear hypothesis and extend previous result by dominance. Note that this could be substantially strengthened, e.g. using the weak Hartogs function, but all we need here is that there be *some* dominating ordinal. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 14-Feb-2015.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Jun-2015.) |
OrdIso OrdIso * har | ||
Theorem | hsmexlem4 9251* | Lemma for hsmex 9254. The core induction, establishing bounds on the order types of iterated unions of the initial set. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 14-Feb-2015.) |
har har OrdIso | ||
Theorem | hsmexlem5 9252* | Lemma for hsmex 9254. Combining the above constraints, along with itunitc 9243 and tcrank 8747, gives an effective constraint on the rank of . (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 14-Feb-2015.) |
har har OrdIso har | ||
Theorem | hsmexlem6 9253* | Lemma for hsmex 9254. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 14-Feb-2015.) |
har har OrdIso | ||
Theorem | hsmex 9254* | The collection of hereditarily size-limited well-founded sets comprise a set. The proof is that of Randall Holmes at http://math.boisestate.edu/~holmes/holmes/hereditary.pdf, with modifications to use Hartogs' theorem instead of the weak variant (inconsequentially weakening some intermediate results), and making the well-foundedness condition explicit to avoid a direct dependence on ax-reg 8497. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 14-Feb-2015.) |
Theorem | hsmex2 9255* | The set of hereditary size-limited sets, assuming ax-reg 8497. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 11-Feb-2015.) |
Theorem | hsmex3 9256* | The set of hereditary size-limited sets, assuming ax-reg 8497, using strict comparison (an easy corollary by separation). (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 11-Feb-2015.) |
In this section we add the Axiom of Choice ax-ac 9281, as well as weaker forms such as the axiom of countable choice ax-cc 9257 and dependent choice ax-dc 9268. We introduce these weaker forms so that theorems that do not need the full power of the axiom of choice, but need more than simple ZF, can use these intermediate axioms instead. The combination of the Zermelo-Fraenkel axioms and the axiom of choice is often abbreviated as ZFC. The axiom of choice is widely accepted, and ZFC is the most commonly-accepted fundamental set of axioms for mathematics. However, there have been and still are some lingering controversies about the Axiom of Choice. The axiom of choice does not satisfy those who wish to have a constructive proof (e.g., it will not satisfy intuitionistic logic). Thus, we make it easy to identify which proofs depend on the axiom of choice or its weaker forms. | ||
Axiom | ax-cc 9257* | The axiom of countable choice (CC), also known as the axiom of denumerable choice. It is clearly a special case of ac5 9299, but is weak enough that it can be proven using DC (see axcc 9280). It is, however, strictly stronger than ZF and cannot be proven in ZF. It states that any countable collection of nonempty sets must have a choice function. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 9-Feb-2013.) |
Theorem | axcc2lem 9258* | Lemma for axcc2 9259. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 8-Feb-2013.) |
Theorem | axcc2 9259* | A possibly more useful version of ax-cc using sequences instead of countable sets. The Axiom of Infinity is needed to prove this, and indeed this implies the Axiom of Infinity. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 8-Feb-2013.) |
Theorem | axcc3 9260* | A possibly more useful version of ax-cc 9257 using sequences instead of countable sets. The Axiom of Infinity is needed to prove this, and indeed this implies the Axiom of Infinity. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 8-Feb-2013.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Dec-2014.) |
Theorem | axcc4 9261* | A version of axcc3 9260 that uses wffs instead of classes. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 7-Apr-2013.) |
Theorem | acncc 9262 | An ax-cc 9257 equivalent: every set has choice sets of length . (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Aug-2015.) |
AC | ||
Theorem | axcc4dom 9263* | Relax the constraint on axcc4 9261 to dominance instead of equinumerosity. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 18-Jan-2014.) |
Theorem | domtriomlem 9264* | Lemma for domtriom 9265. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 9-Feb-2013.) |
Theorem | domtriom 9265 | Trichotomy of equinumerosity for , proven using CC. Equivalently, all Dedekind-finite sets (as in isfin4-2 9136) are finite in the usual sense and conversely. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 9-Feb-2013.) |
Theorem | fin41 9266 | Under countable choice, the IV-finite sets (Dedekind-finite) coincide with I-finite (finite in the usual sense) sets. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 16-May-2015.) |
FinIV | ||
Theorem | dominf 9267 | A nonempty set that is a subset of its union is infinite. This version is proved from ax-cc 9257. See dominfac 9395 for a version proved from ax-ac 9281. The axiom of Regularity is used for this proof, via inf3lem6 8530, and its use is necessary: otherwise the set or (where the second example even has nonempty well-founded part) provides a counterexample. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 9-Feb-2013.) |
Axiom | ax-dc 9268* | Dependent Choice. Axiom DC1 of [Schechter] p. 149. This theorem is weaker than the Axiom of Choice but is stronger than Countable Choice. It shows the existence of a sequence whose values can only be shown to exist (but cannot be constructed explicitly) and also depend on earlier values in the sequence. Dependent choice is equivalent to the statement that every (nonempty) pruned tree has a branch. This axiom is redundant in ZFC; see axdc 9343. But ZF+DC is strictly weaker than ZF+AC, so this axiom provides for theorems that do not need the full power of AC. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Jan-2013.) |
Theorem | dcomex 9269 | The Axiom of Dependent Choice implies Infinity, the way we have stated it. Thus, we have Inf+AC implies DC and DC implies Inf, but AC does not imply Inf. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Jan-2013.) |
Theorem | axdc2lem 9270* | Lemma for axdc2 9271. We construct a relation based on such that iff , and show that the "function" described by ax-dc 9268 can be restricted so that it is a real function (since the stated properties only show that it is the superset of a function). (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Jan-2013.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 26-Jun-2015.) |
Theorem | axdc2 9271* | An apparent strengthening of ax-dc 9268 (but derived from it) which shows that there is a denumerable sequence for any function that maps elements of a set to nonempty subsets of such that for all . The finitistic version of this can be proven by induction, but the infinite version requires this new axiom. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 25-Jan-2013.) |
Theorem | axdc3lem 9272* | The class of finite approximations to the DC sequence is a set. (We derive here the stronger statement that is a subset of a specific set, namely .) (Unnecessary distinct variable restrictions were removed by David Abernethy, 18-Mar-2014.) (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 27-Jan-2013.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 18-Mar-2014.) |
Theorem | axdc3lem2 9273* | Lemma for axdc3 9276. We have constructed a "candidate set" , which consists of all finite sequences that satisfy our property of interest, namely on its domain, but with the added constraint that . These sets are possible "initial segments" of the infinite sequence satisfying these constraints, but we can leverage the standard ax-dc 9268 (with no initial condition) to select a sequence of ever-lengthening finite sequences, namely (for some integer ). We let our "choice" function select a sequence whose domain is one more than the last one, and agrees with the previous one on its domain. Thus, the application of vanilla ax-dc 9268 yields a sequence of sequences whose domains increase without bound, and whose union is a function which has all the properties we want. In this lemma, we show that given the sequence , we can construct the sequence that we are after. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 30-Jan-2013.) |
Theorem | axdc3lem3 9274* | Simple substitution lemma for axdc3 9276. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 27-Jan-2013.) |
Theorem | axdc3lem4 9275* | Lemma for axdc3 9276. We have constructed a "candidate set" , which consists of all finite sequences that satisfy our property of interest, namely on its domain, but with the added constraint that . These sets are possible "initial segments" of the infinite sequence satisfying these constraints, but we can leverage the standard ax-dc 9268 (with no initial condition) to select a sequence of ever-lengthening finite sequences, namely (for some integer ). We let our "choice" function select a sequence whose domain is one more than the last one, and agrees with the previous one on its domain. Thus, the application of vanilla ax-dc 9268 yields a sequence of sequences whose domains increase without bound, and whose union is a function which has all the properties we want. In this lemma, we show that is nonempty, and that always maps to a nonempty subset of , so that we can apply axdc2 9271. See axdc3lem2 9273 for the rest of the proof. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 27-Jan-2013.) |
Theorem | axdc3 9276* | Dependent Choice. Axiom DC1 of [Schechter] p. 149, with the addition of an initial value . This theorem is weaker than the Axiom of Choice but is stronger than Countable Choice. It shows the existence of a sequence whose values can only be shown to exist (but cannot be constructed explicitly) and also depend on earlier values in the sequence. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 27-Jan-2013.) |
Theorem | axdc4lem 9277* | Lemma for axdc4 9278. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Jan-2013.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 16-Nov-2013.) |
Theorem | axdc4 9278* | A more general version of axdc3 9276 that allows the function to vary with . (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 31-Jan-2013.) |
Theorem | axcclem 9279* | Lemma for axcc 9280. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 2-Feb-2013.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 16-Nov-2013.) |
Theorem | axcc 9280* | Although CC can be proven trivially using ac5 9299, we prove it here using DC. (New usage is discouraged.) (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 2-Feb-2013.) |
Axiom | ax-ac 9281* |
Axiom of Choice. The Axiom of Choice (AC) is usually considered an
extension of ZF set theory rather than a proper part of it. It is
sometimes considered philosophically controversial because it asserts
the existence of a set without telling us what the set is. ZF set
theory that includes AC is called ZFC.
The unpublished version given here says that given any set , there exists a that is a collection of unordered pairs, one pair for each nonempty member of . One entry in the pair is the member of , and the other entry is some arbitrary member of that member of . See the rewritten version ac3 9284 for a more detailed explanation. Theorem ac2 9283 shows an equivalent written compactly with restricted quantifiers. This version was specifically crafted to be short when expanded to primitives. Kurt Maes' 5-quantifier version ackm 9287 is slightly shorter when the biconditional of ax-ac 9281 is expanded into implication and negation. In axac3 9286 we allow the constant CHOICE to represent the Axiom of Choice; this simplifies the representation of theorems like gchac 9503 (the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis implies the Axiom of Choice). Standard textbook versions of AC are derived as ac8 9314, ac5 9299, and ac7 9295. The Axiom of Regularity ax-reg 8497 (among others) is used to derive our version from the standard ones; this reverse derivation is shown as theorem dfac2 8953. Equivalents to AC are the well-ordering theorem weth 9317 and Zorn's lemma zorn 9329. See ac4 9297 for comments about stronger versions of AC. In order to avoid uses of ax-reg 8497 for derivation of AC equivalents, we provide ax-ac2 9285 (due to Kurt Maes), which is equivalent to the standard AC of textbooks. The derivation of ax-ac2 9285 from ax-ac 9281 is shown by theorem axac2 9288, and the reverse derivation by axac 9289. Therefore, new proofs should normally use ax-ac2 9285 instead. (New usage is discouraged.) (Contributed by NM, 18-Jul-1996.) |
Theorem | zfac 9282* | Axiom of Choice expressed with the fewest number of different variables. The penultimate step shows the logical equivalence to ax-ac 9281. (New usage is discouraged.) (Contributed by NM, 14-Aug-2003.) |
Theorem | ac2 9283* | Axiom of Choice equivalent. By using restricted quantifiers, we can express the Axiom of Choice with a single explicit conjunction. (If you want to figure it out, the rewritten equivalent ac3 9284 is easier to understand.) Note: aceq0 8941 shows the logical equivalence to ax-ac 9281. (New usage is discouraged.) (Contributed by NM, 18-Jul-1996.) |
Theorem | ac3 9284* |
Axiom of Choice using abbreviations. The logical equivalence to ax-ac 9281
can be established by chaining aceq0 8941 and aceq2 8942. A standard
textbook version of AC is derived from this one in dfac2a 8952, and this
version of AC is derived from the textbook version in dfac2 8953.
The following sketch will help you understand this version of the axiom. Given any set , the axiom says that there exists a that is a collection of unordered pairs, one pair for each nonempty member of . One entry in the pair is the member of , and the other entry is some arbitrary member of that member of . Using the Axiom of Regularity, we can show that is really a set of ordered pairs, very similar to the ordered pair construction opthreg 8515. The key theorem for this (used in the proof of dfac2 8953) is preleq 8514. With this modified definition of ordered pair, it can be seen that is actually a choice function on the members of . For example, suppose . Let us try . For the member (of ) , the only assignment to and that satisfies the axiom is and , so there is exactly one as required. We verify the other two members of similarly. Thus, satisfies the axiom. Using our modified ordered pair definition, we can say that corresponds to the choice function . Of course other choices for will also satisfy the axiom, for example . What AC tells us is that there exists at least one such , but it doesn't tell us which one. (New usage is discouraged.) (Contributed by NM, 19-Jul-1996.) |
Axiom | ax-ac2 9285* | In order to avoid uses of ax-reg 8497 for derivation of AC equivalents, we provide ax-ac2 9285, which is equivalent to the standard AC of textbooks. This appears to be the shortest known equivalent to the standard AC when expressed in terms of set theory primitives. It was found by Kurt Maes as theorem ackm 9287. We removed the leading quantifier to make it slightly shorter, since we have ax-gen 1722 available. The derivation of ax-ac2 9285 from ax-ac 9281 is shown by theorem axac2 9288, and the reverse derivation by axac 9289. Note that we use ax-reg 8497 to derive ax-ac 9281 from ax-ac2 9285, but not to derive ax-ac2 9285 from ax-ac 9281. (Contributed by NM, 19-Dec-2016.) |
Theorem | axac3 9286 | This theorem asserts that the constant CHOICE is a theorem, thus eliminating it as a hypothesis while assuming ax-ac2 9285 as an axiom. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 6-May-2015.) (Revised by NM, 20-Dec-2016.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) |
CHOICE | ||
Theorem | ackm 9287* |
A remarkable equivalent to the Axiom of Choice that has only five
quantifiers (when expanded to ,
primitives in prenex form),
discovered and proved by Kurt Maes. This establishes a new record,
reducing from 6 to 5 the largest number of quantified variables needed
by any ZFC axiom. The ZF-equivalence to AC is shown by theorem
dfackm 8988. Maes found this version of AC in April,
2004 (replacing a
longer version, also with five quantifiers, that he found in November,
2003). See Kurt Maes, "A 5-quantifier (,=)-expression
ZF-equivalent to the Axiom of Choice"
(http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0705/0705.3162v1.pdf).
The original FOM posts are: http://www.cs.nyu.edu/pipermail/fom/2003-November/007631.html http://www.cs.nyu.edu/pipermail/fom/2003-November/007641.html. (Contributed by NM, 29-Apr-2004.) (Revised by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2015.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) |
Theorem | axac2 9288* | Derive ax-ac2 9285 from ax-ac 9281. (Contributed by NM, 19-Dec-2016.) (New usage is discouraged.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) |
Theorem | axac 9289* | Derive ax-ac 9281 from ax-ac2 9285. Note that ax-reg 8497 is used by the proof. (Contributed by NM, 19-Dec-2016.) (Proof modification is discouraged.) |
Theorem | axaci 9290 | Apply a choice equivalent. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 17-May-2015.) |
CHOICE | ||
Theorem | cardeqv 9291 | All sets are well-orderable under choice. (Contributed by Mario Carneiro, 28-Apr-2015.) |
Theorem | numth3 9292 | All sets are well-orderable under choice. (Contributed by Stefan O'Rear, 28-Feb-2015.) |
Theorem | numth2 9293* | Numeration theorem: any set is equinumerous to some ordinal (using AC). Theorem 10.3 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 84. (Contributed by NM, 20-Oct-2003.) |
Theorem | numth 9294* | Numeration theorem: every set can be put into one-to-one correspondence with some ordinal (using AC). Theorem 10.3 of [TakeutiZaring] p. 84. (Contributed by NM, 10-Feb-1997.) (Proof shortened by Mario Carneiro, 8-Jan-2015.) |
Theorem | ac7 9295* | An Axiom of Choice equivalent similar to the Axiom of Choice (first form) of [Enderton] p. 49. (Contributed by NM, 29-Apr-2004.) |
Theorem | ac7g 9296* | An Axiom of Choice equivalent similar to the Axiom of Choice (first form) of [Enderton] p. 49. (Contributed by NM, 23-Jul-2004.) |
Theorem | ac4 9297* |
Equivalent of Axiom of Choice. We do not insist that be a
function. However, theorem ac5 9299, derived from this one, shows that
this form of the axiom does imply that at least one such set whose
existence we assert is in fact a function. Axiom of Choice of
[TakeutiZaring] p. 83.
Takeuti and Zaring call this "weak choice" in contrast to "strong choice" , which asserts the existence of a universal choice function but requires second-order quantification on (proper) class variable and thus cannot be expressed in our first-order formalization. However, it has been shown that ZF plus strong choice is a conservative extension of ZF plus weak choice. See Ulrich Felgner, "Comparison of the axioms of local and universal choice," Fundamenta Mathematica, 71, 43-62 (1971). Weak choice can be strengthened in a different direction to choose from a collection of proper classes; see ac6s5 9313. (Contributed by NM, 21-Jul-1996.) |
Theorem | ac4c 9298* | Equivalent of Axiom of Choice (class version). (Contributed by NM, 10-Feb-1997.) |
Theorem | ac5 9299* | An Axiom of Choice equivalent: there exists a function (called a choice function) with domain that maps each nonempty member of the domain to an element of that member. Axiom AC of [BellMachover] p. 488. Note that the assertion that be a function is not necessary; see ac4 9297. (Contributed by NM, 29-Aug-1999.) |
Theorem | ac5b 9300* | Equivalent of Axiom of Choice. (Contributed by NM, 31-Aug-1999.) |
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